The global research of artificial intelligence in lung cancer: a 20-year bibliometric analysis

BackgroundLung cancer (LC) is the second-highest incidence and the first-highest mortality cancer worldwide. Early screening and precise treatment of LC have been the research hotspots in this field. Artificial intelligence (AI) technology has advantages in many aspects of LC and widely used such as LC early diagnosis, LC differential classification, treatment and prognosis prediction.ObjectiveThis study aims to analyze and visualize the research history, current status, current hotspots, and development trends of artificial intelligence in the field of lung cancer using bibliometric methods, and predict future research directions and cutting-edge hotspots.ResultsA total of 2931 articles published between 2003 and 2023 were included, contributed by 15,848 authors from 92 countries/regions. Among them, China (40%) with 1173 papers,USA (24.80%) with 727 papers and the India(10.2%) with 299 papers have made outstanding contributions in this field, accounting for 75% of the total publications. The primary research institutions were Shanghai Jiaotong University(n=66),Chinese Academy of Sciences (n=63) and Harvard Medical School (n=52).Professor Qian Wei(n=20) from Northeastern University in China were ranked first in the top 10 authors while Armato SG(n=458 citations) was the most co-cited authors. Frontiers in Oncology(121 publications; IF 2022,4.7; Q2) was the most published journal. while Radiology (3003 citations; IF 2022, 19.7; Q1) was the most co-cited journal. different countries and institutions should further strengthen cooperation between each other. The most common keywords were lung cancer, classification, cancer, machine learning and deep learning. Meanwhile, The most cited papers was Nicolas Coudray et al.2018.NAT MED(1196 Total Citations).ConclusionsResearch related to AI in lung cancer has significant application prospects, and the number of scholars dedicated to AI-related research on lung cancer is continually growing. It is foreseeable that non-invasive diagnosis and precise minimally invasive treatment through deep learning and machine learning will remain a central focus in the future. Simultaneously, there is a need to enhance collaboration not only among various countries and institutions but also between high-quality medical and industrial entities

β-Diketone-Driven Deep Eutectic Solvent for Ultra-Efficient Natural Stable Lithium-7 Isotope Separation

6Li and 7Li are strategic resources. Because Li+ ions have no outermost electrons and the radii of 6Li and 7Li differ by only one neutron, the separation of the naturally stable isotopes of Li, especially by solvent extraction, is recognized as a difficult problem worldwide. Therefore, in this paper, an advanced β-diketone-driven deep eutectic solvent (DES) extraction system containing 2-thenoyltrifluoroacetone (HTTA) and tri-n-octyl phosphine oxide (TOPO) is introduced to the extraction and separation of 6Li+ and 7Li+ ions. Compared with those of reported HTTA extraction systems and crown ether extraction systems, the separation coefficient (β7Li/6Li) of the β-diketone-driven DES extraction system can reach the best value of 1.068, which is now the highest known β-value reported in the extraction system. From the intramolecular hydrogen bond of HTTA to the intermolecular hydrogen bond of DES, the bond energy increases by 47.8%. Because the active site of the proton in DES provides a higher energy barrier for the separation of 7Li, the β7Li/6Li is significantly increased. The extractions were characterized by spectrum, using 1H nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy, Fourier-transform infrared (FT-IR) spectroscopy, and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS). The mechanism was determined on the basis of the reaction kinetics and density functional theory (DFT). The DES extractant shows excellent cycle performance with regard to stripping and reusability. In conclusion, the highly efficient, economical, and stable β-diketone-driven DES extraction system can be used for the separation of naturally stable Li isotopes, which provides good industrial application prospects

Cloning of HSP90, expression and localization of HSP70/90 in different tissues including lactating/non-lactating yak (Bos grunniens) breast tissue.

The aim of this study is to investigate the expression and localization of HSP70/90 in different tissues and explore the regulation effects of HSP70/90 at lactation period of female yaks. HSP90 mRNA was cloned from the heart samples of female yaks, Quantitative real-time (qRT-PCR), Western blotting (WB), immunohistochemistry and immunofluorescence assays were utilized to analyze the expressions of HSP70/90 mRNA and protein in different tissues. Sequence analysis showed that HSP90 is a conserved molecular chaperone of female yaks. The qRT-PCR, WB results showed that the expressions of HSP70/90 mRNA and protein were significantly different in different tissues, and 3-fold higher expression during the lactation period than the non-lactation period of breast tissue (P < 0.01). Immunohistochemistry and immunofluorescence assays results showed that HSP70/90 were located in the cardiac muscle cells, cerebellar medulla, theca cells lining at the reproductive system, and the mammary epithelia of the breasts. In addition, the expression level of HSP70 was higher than those of HSP90 in all examined tissues. Therefore, our results strongly suggest that the expression and localization of HSP70/90 could provide significant evidence to further research in tissue specific expression, and lactation function of female yaks

Perturbation Approach for Computing Infrared Spectra of the Local Mode of Probe Molecules

Linear and two-dimensional infrared (IR) spectroscopy of site-specific probe molecules provides an opportunity to gain a molecular-level understanding of the local hydrogen-bonding network, conformational dynamics, and long-range electrostatic interactions in condensed-phase and biological systems. A challenge in computation is to determine the time-dependent vibrational frequencies that incorporate explicitly both nuclear quantum effects of vibrational motions and an electronic structural representation of the potential energy surface. In this paper, a nuclear quantum vibrational perturbation (QVP) method is described for efficiently determining the instantaneous vibrational frequency of a chromophore in molecular dynamics simulations. Computational efficiency is achieved through the use of (a) discrete variable representation of the vibrational wave functions, (b) a perturbation theory to evaluate the vibrational energy shifts due to solvent dynamic fluctuations, and (c) a combined QM/MM potential for the systems. It was found that first-order perturbation is sufficiently accurate, enabling time-dependent vibrational frequencies to be obtained on the fly in molecular dynamics. The QVP method is illustrated in the mode-specific linear and 2D-IR spectra of the H–Cl stretching frequency in the HCl–water clusters and the carbonyl stretching vibration of acetone in aqueous solution. To further reduce computational cost, a hybrid strategy was proposed, and it was found that the computed vibrational spectral peak position and line shape are in agreement with experimental results. In addition, it was found that anharmonicity is significant in the H–Cl stretching mode, and hydrogen-bonding interactions further enhance anharmonic effects. The present QVP method complements other computational approaches, including path integral-based molecular dynamics, and represents a major improvement over the electrostatics-based spectroscopic mapping procedures

The results of RT-PCR.

<p>(1) kidney; (2) heart; (3) cerebellum; (4) liver; (5) lung; (6) spleen; (7) uterus; (8) oviduct; (9) ovary; (10) lactation period; and (11) non-lactation period.</p

Protein expression levels of HSP70 and HSP90 detected using Western blotting analyses during the different lactation periods of female yaks.

<p>(A) Schematic representation of bands and size. (B) Comparative analysis of relative expression by integrated optical density.</p

Protein expression levels of HSP70 and HSP90 detected using Western blotting analyses in the reproductive system of female yaks.

<p>(A) Schematic representation of bands and size. (B) Comparative analysis of relative expression by integrated optical density.</p

Immunohistochemistry and immunofluorescence optical density value of HSP70/90 in female yaks. Relative value (Sample/Negative).

<p>(A) Normal tissue; (B) the female reproductive system; and (C) the breast during different lactation periods.</p

The gene expression levels of HSP70 and HSP90 in tissues of female yaks.

<p><b>The results of real-time PCR</b>. (A) Non-reproductive system; (B) female reproductive system; and (C) breast at different lactation periods.</p

Immunohistochemistry and immunofluorescence localization of HSP90 in the non-reproductive system of female yaks.

<p>(A) Positive staining for HSP90 was observed in the terminal bronchioles of the lungs. (B) Positive staining for HSP90 was observed in hepatocytes of the liver. (C) Positive staining for HSP90 was observed in the red pulp of the spleen. (D) Positive staining for HSP90 was observed in the myocardial cell cytoplasm of the heart. (E) Positive staining for HSP90 was observed in the distal convoluted tubule and proximal convoluted tubule of the kidney. (F) Positive staining for HSP90 was observed in the cerebellar medulla and the granular layer of the cerebellum. (G) and (H) The control sections collected from the lungs and kidneys of <i>Bos grunniens</i>, respectively, without immunoreactions (negative control). Terminal bronchiole (TB); hepatocyte (Hc); central vein (CV); cardiac muscle fibers (CMF); cardiac muscle cell (CMC); intercalated disk (ID); distal convoluted tubule (DCT); Purkinje cell layer (PCL); renal glomerulus (RG); biofilm (Bf); trabecula (Tc); red pulp (RP); white pulp (WP); cerebellar medulla (CM); molecular layer (ML); granular layer (GL); and proximal convoluted tubule (PCT).</p