Changes in the phenylpropanoid metabolism induced by Nacobbus aberrans in chilli pepper CM334 resitant to Phytophthora capsici

[SPA] La línea endogámica de chile Criollo de Morelos 334 (CM334I es resistente a Phytophthora capsici Leonian, pero Nacobbus aberrans Thorne and Allen, 1944 podría romper su resistencia en plantas previamente infectadas por el nemátodo. Éste fenómeno es conocido como “ruptura de la resistencia”. La resistencia de las plantas de chile CM334 ha sido asociada con la ruta de los fenilpropanoides. Tanto los ácidos fenólicos como los flavonoides son metabolitos sintetizados a través de esa ruta metabólica y juegan importantes funciones en la interacción planta-patógeno. El objetivo de esta tesis doctoral será determinar qué cambios son inducidos por N. aberrans en la ruta fenilpropanoide que podrían convertir al tejido resistente en un substrato favorable para el establecimiento de P. capscici. Los cambios inducidos por N. aberrans en la actividad de la L-fenil alanina amonio liasa, el contenido total de fenoles solubles totales, el establecimiento de un perfil y la caracterización de ácidos fenólicos solubles y flavonoides, el efecto tóxico de los flavonoides de la raíz en nemátodos y el contenido de lignina en plantas de chile CM334 podrían ser asociados a esta ruptura de la resistencia a P. capscici en chile CM334. [ENG] The inbred chilli line Criollo de Morelos 334 (CM334) is resistant to Phytophthora capsici Leonian, but Nacobbus aberrans Thorne and Allen, 1944 could break down resistance of plants previously infected by this nematode. This phenomenon is known as “resistance breakdown”. The resistance of CM334 chilli pepper plant has been associated to the phenylpropanoid pathway. Both phenolic acids and flavonoids metabolites are synthesized in this metabolic pathway and play an important role in the plant-pathogen interaction. The goal of this PhD project will be to determine which changes are induced by N. aberrans in the phenylperopanoid pathway that could turn the resistant plant tissues into a favourable sub-stratum for the establishment of P. capscici. Changes induced by N. aberrans on L-phenylalanine ammonia-lyase (PAL) activity, total soluble phenols content, the profiling and characterization of soluble phenolic acids and flavonoids, the toxic effect of root flavonoids on nematodes and the lignin content of CM334 chilli pepper plants may be associated to the breakdown of resistance to P. capscici in CM334 chilli pepper.We would like to thank the Structural Research Laboratory (SRL) at the Department of Chemistry of University of Warsaw for using HPLC–MS. SRL has been established with financial support from European Regional Development Found in the Sectorial Operational Programme “Improvement of the competitiveness of Enterprises, years 2004–2005” project no: WPK_1/1.4.3./1/2004/72/72/165/2005/U. The first author thanks Dirección General Académica of Universidad Autónoma Chapingo for the financial support to participate in WiA15

The false root-knot nematode Nacobbus aberrans modifies the level of phenylpropanoid compounds during infection of chilli pepper

[SPA] En este trabajo, algunos metabolitos fenilpropanoide en plantas de chile CM334 infectadas por el nemátodo falso agallador Nacobbus aberrans fueron determinados. Las raíces fueron químicamente analizadas para su contenido de lignina y perfil de fenilpropanoides mediante un ensayo cuantitativo de lignina y HPLC-ESI/MS. El efecto in vitro de flavonoides en larvas juveniles (J2) de N. aberrans y Meloidogyne incognita también fue probado. El contenido de lignina fue similar en todos los tratamientos, excepto cuando M. incognita estuvo involucrado (P<0.05). Ácidos fenólicos (hidroxibenzoico –pHBA-, gálico, caféico, siríngico, ferúlico, vanílico y clorogénico) y el flavonoid quercetin-3-rutinósido fueron encontrados en el sistema radical. La concentración de los ácidos pHBA, ferúlico y clorogénico fue menor en las plantas inoculadas en comparación con el control (P<0.05) en cualquier tiempo de muestreo. El compuesto quercetin-3-rutinósido tuvo un efecto nematicida en larvas de N. aberrans, mientras que éste solamente tuvo un efecto nematostático en M. incognita. Estos resultados indican que N. aberrans modifica el nivel de compuestos fenilpropanoides durante la infección de chile. [ENG] In this work, some phenylpropanoid metabolites in CM334 chilli pepper plants infected by the false root-knot nematode Nacobbus aberrans were determined. Roots were chemically analyzed for their lignin content and phenylpropanoid profile by quantitative lignin assay and HPLC-ESI/MS. The in vitro effect of flavonoids on second-stage juveniles (J2) of N. aberrans and Meloidogyne incognita was also tested. The lignin content was similar in all treatments excepting when M. incognita was involved (P<0.05). Phenolic acids (Hidroxibenzoic -pHBA-, gallic, caffeic, syringic, ferulic, vanillic and chlorogenic) and the flavonoid quercetin-3-O-rutinoside were found in the root system. Concentration of pHBA, ferulic and chlorogenic acids was lower in inoculated plants than in the control (P<0.05) at any sampling date. Quercetin-3-O-rutinoside had a nematocidal effect on J2 of N. aberrans, whereas it only had a nemastatic effect on M. incognita. These results indicate that N. aberrans modifies the level of phenylpropanoid compounds during the infection of chilli pepper.Our thanks go to Dirección General Académica of Universidad Autónoma Chapingo for the financial support for participate in WiA2016. Thanks are due to CONACYT for financial support of the Research Project 46331-Z

Modification in the phenylpropanoid metabolism induced by the false root-knot nematode Nacobbus aberrans in chilli pepper CM334

[SPA] La resistencia del genotipo de chile CM334 contra las tres especies de nematodos agalladores y al oomiceto Phytophthora capsici ha sido asociada con la ruta fenilpropanoide del metabolismo secundario. Sin embargo, el nemátodo falso agallador de raíz Nacobbus aberrans podría inducir cambios en esta ruta. La actividad de la enzima L-fenil alanina amonio liasa (PAL) y el contenido de fenoles solubles totales (FST) fueron determinados en plantas de CM334 inoculadas con N. aberrans, P. capsici o con ambos patógenos. El perfilado de compuestos fenilpropanoide fue analizado mediante HPL-ESI/MS. Los valores más altos de la actividad de PAL y contenido de FST fueron registrados en plantas inoculadas únicamente con P. capsici, mientras aquellas plantas inoculadas con N. aberrans solo o en combinación con P. capsici mostraron los niveles más bajos (P<0.05). Ácidos fenólicos (p-HBA, gálico, caféico, siríngico, sinápico, ferúlico, vanílico, p-coumárico y clorogénico) y flavonoides (rutina, apigenina y luteolina) fueron encontrados en el follaje. El ácido clorogénico y la leutolina fueron los compuestos fenilpropanoides en mayor cantidad en CM334. La concentración de los ácidos p-HBA, clorogénico y los flavonoides fue más baja en las plantas inoculadas con N. aberrans que en el control (P<0.05) en cualquier tiempo de muestreo. N. aberrans indujo modificaciones en el metabolism fenilpropanoide. [ENG] Resistance in the genotype of chilli pepper CM334 against the three major species of root-knot nematodes and the oomycete Phytophthora capsici has been associated with the phenylpropanoid pathway of secondary metabolism. However, the false root-knot nematode Nacobbus aberrans could induces changes in this pathway. In this work, L-phenylalanine ammonia-lyase (PAL) activity and the content of total soluble phenols (TSP) were determined in foliage of CM334 plants inoculated with N. aberrans, P. capsici or both pathogens. Besides, the phenylpropanoid profile was analyzed by HPLC-ESI/MS. The highest values of PAL activity and content of TSP were registered in plants inoculated only with P. capsici, while those plants inoculated with N. aberrans alone or in combination with P. capsici showed the lowest level (P<0.05). Phenolic acids (p-HBA, gallic, caffeic, syringic, sinapic, ferulic, vanillic, p-coumaric and chlorogenic) and flavonoids (rutin, apigenin and luteolin) were found in foliage. Chlorogenic acid and luteolin were the phenylpropanoid compounds in highest quantity in CM334. Concentration of p-hidroxy benzoic and chlorogenic acids and flavonoids was lower in plants inoculated with N. aberrans than in the control (P<0.05) at any sampling date. These results confirm that N. aberrans induced modifications in phenylpropanoid metabolism.Our thanks go to Dirección General Académica of Universidad Autónoma Chapingo for the financial support for participate in WiA17. We also appreciate at the Structural Research Laboratory (University of Warsaw, Poland) for using HPLC-ESI-MS

Understanding atrioventricular septal defect: Anatomoechocardiographic correlation

<p>Abstract</p> <p>Objective</p> <p>Correlate the anatomic features of atrioventricular septal defect with echocardiographic images.</p> <p>Materials and methods</p> <p>Sixty specimen hearts were studied by sequential segmental analysis. Echocardiograms were performed on 34 patients. Specimen hearts with findings equivalent to those of echocardiographic images were selected in order to establish an anatomo-echocardiographic correlation.</p> <p>Results</p> <p>Thirty-three specimen hearts were in situs solitus, 19 showed dextroisomerism, 6 were in situs inversus and 2 levoisomerism. Fifty-eight had a common atrioventricular valve and 2 had two atrioventricular valves. Rastelli types were determined in 21 hearts. Nine were type A, 2 intermediate between A and B, 1 mixed between A and B, 4 type B and 5 type C. Associated anomalies included pulmonary stenosis, pulmonary atresia atrial septal defect, patent ductus arteriosus and anomalous connection of pulmonary veins. Echocardiograms revealed dextroisomerism in 12 patients, situs solitus in 11, levoisomerism in 7 and situs inversus in 4. Thirty-one patients had common atrioventricular valves and three two atrioventricular valves. Rastelli types were established in all cases with common atrioventricular valves; 17 had type A canal defects, 10 type B, 3 intermediate between A and B, 1 mixed between A and B and 3 type C. Associated anomalies included regurgitation of the atrioventricular valve, pulmonary stenosis, anomalous connection of pulmonary veins, pulmonary hypertension and pulmonary atresia.</p> <p>Conclusion</p> <p>Anatomo-echocardiographic correlation demonstrated a high degree of diagnostic precision with echocardiography.</p

Evaluación comparativa del proceso de conciliación medicamentosa realizado por el departamento de Enfermería y el de Farmacia en un hospital privado de Costa Rica

Introducción: Los errores de medicación generan riesgos en el paciente hospitalizado y constituyen una de las principales causas del incremento en la morbi-mortalidad y costos económicos; por tanto la conciliación de medicamentos constituye una solución para reforzar la seguridad de los pacientes en los procesos de transición asistencial. Objetivos: Determinar la magnitud de los errores de conciliación en los servicios del ámbito hospitalario descrito y su impacto en el paciente. Métodos: Estudio observacional, prospectivo, con una muestra de pacientes ingresados a los servicios de internamiento del Hospital, que cumplieran con los criterios de inclusión; la información necesaria para comparar los resultados de la conciliación de medicamentos fue tomada de una entrevista, la Valoración Inicial de Enfermería y el expediente clínico. Resultados: Nueve de cada diez pacientes presentó al menos una discrepancia en su medicación. Entre el promedio de medicamentos conciliados por el departamento de Farmacia y mediante la Valoración Inicial de Enfermería existe una diferencia estadísticamente significativa (p=0.00001, IC 95%). La mayor discrepancia se presentó con medicamentos del sistema cardiovascular, tracto gastrointestinal y metabolismo, y sistema nervioso central. Se presentaron 151 casos de error tipo B, 376 de tipo C, y 138 de tipo D.Conclusiones:Sí existen discrepancias significativas entre la conciliación de medicamentos realizada por el servicio de Enfermería y por el de Farmacia, tanto en cantidad como en tipo. Se recomienda que la conciliación se dirija prioritariamente a pacientes mayores de 65 años, con pluripatologías y en tratamiento con fármacos que actúan sobre los sistemas fisiológicos mencionados

Evaluación comparativa del proceso de conciliación medicamentosa realizado por el departamento de Enfermería y el de Farmacia en un hospital privado de Costa Rica

Introducción: Los errores de medicación generan riesgos en el paciente hospitalizado y constituyen una de las principales causas del incremento en la morbi-mortalidad y costos económicos; por tanto la conciliación de medicamentos constituye una solución para reforzar la seguridad de los pacientes en los procesos de transición asistencial. Objetivos: Determinar la magnitud de los errores de conciliación en los servicios del ámbito hospitalario descrito y su impacto en el paciente. Métodos: Estudio observacional, prospectivo, con una muestra de pacientes ingresados a los servicios de internamiento del Hospital, que cumplieran con los criterios de inclusión; la información necesaria para comparar los resultados de la conciliación de medicamentos fue tomada de una entrevista, la Valoración Inicial de Enfermería y el expediente clínico. Resultados: Nueve de cada diez pacientes presentó al menos una discrepancia en su medicación. Entre el promedio de medicamentos conciliados por el departamento de Farmacia y mediante la Valoración Inicial de Enfermería existe una diferencia estadísticamente significativa (p=0.00001, IC 95%). La mayor discrepancia se presentó con medicamentos del sistema cardiovascular, tracto gastrointestinal y metabolismo, y sistema nervioso central. Se presentaron 151 casos de error tipo B, 376 de tipo C, y 138 de tipo D.Conclusiones:Sí existen discrepancias significativas entre la conciliación de medicamentos realizada por el servicio de Enfermería y por el de Farmacia, tanto en cantidad como en tipo. Se recomienda que la conciliación se dirija prioritariamente a pacientes mayores de 65 años, con pluripatologías y en tratamiento con fármacos que actúan sobre los sistemas fisiológicos mencionados

A Novel L-Asparaginase from Enterobacter sp. Strain M55 from Maras Salterns in Peru

L-Asparaginase (ASNase) is used in medicine for neoplasms treatment and in food industry for mitigation of acrylamide in high-temperature processed food. In medicine, commercial ASNases have exhibited side effects and l-glutaminase (GLNase) activity affecting the clinical treatment. The aim of this work was to study a novel ASNase from Enterobacter sp. M55 isolated from Maras Salters in Peru, which was purified and biochemically characterised. This ASNase exhibited a Km of 5.71 mM and a Vmax of 0.16 µmol mL–1 min–1, as well as an optimum temperature and pH of 37 °C and 6, respectively. Moreover, a good activity (80 %) was observed at physiological pH. Likewise, the enzyme increased its activity by around 50% in presence of urea, glutathione, and glucose. Whilst in presence of serum compounds, it kept more that 60 % of activity. In addition, this ASNase showed low GLNase activity

Towards the reconstruction of integrated genome-scale models of metabolism and gene expression

The reconstruction of integrated genome-scale models of metabolism and gene expression has been a challenge for a while now. In fact, various methods that allow integrating reconstructions of Transcriptional Regulatory Networks, gene expression data or both into Genome-Scale Metabolic Models have been proposed. Several of these methods are surveyed in this article, which allowed identifying their strengths and weaknesses concerning the reconstruction of integrated models for multiple prokaryotic organisms. Additionally, the main resources of regulatory information were also surveyed, as the existence of novel sources of regulatory information and gene expression data may contribute for the improvement of methodologies referred herein.This study was supported by the Portuguese Foundation for Science andTechnology (FCT) under the scope of the strategic funding of UID/BIO/04469/2019 unit andBioTecNorte operation (NORTE-01-0145-FEDER-000004) funded by the European RegionalDevelopment Fund under the scope of Norte2020-Programa Operacional Regional do Norte. Fernando Cruz holds a doctoral fellowship (SFRH/BD/139198/2018) funded by the FCT. The authors thank project SHIKIFACTORY100 - Modular cell factories for the production of 100 compounds from the shikimate pathway (814408) funded by the European Commission.info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersio

Global Change Could Amplify Fire Effects on Soil Greenhouse Gas Emissions

Background: Little is known about the combined impacts of global environmental changes and ecological disturbances on ecosystem functioning, even though such combined impacts might play critical roles in shaping ecosystem processes that can in turn feed back to climate change, such as soil emissions of greenhouse gases.[br/] Methodology/Principal Findings: We took advantage of an accidental, low-severity wildfire that burned part of a long-term global change experiment to investigate the interactive effects of a fire disturbance and increases in CO(2) concentration, precipitation and nitrogen supply on soil nitrous oxide (N(2)O) emissions in a grassland ecosystem. We examined the responses of soil N(2)O emissions, as well as the responses of the two main microbial processes contributing to soil N(2)O production - nitrification and denitrification - and of their main drivers. We show that the fire disturbance greatly increased soil N(2)O emissions over a three-year period, and that elevated CO(2) and enhanced nitrogen supply amplified fire effects on soil N(2)O emissions: emissions increased by a factor of two with fire alone and by a factor of six under the combined influence of fire, elevated CO(2) and nitrogen. We also provide evidence that this response was caused by increased microbial denitrification, resulting from increased soil moisture and soil carbon and nitrogen availability in the burned and fertilized plots. [br/] Conclusions/Significance: Our results indicate that the combined effects of fire and global environmental changes can exceed their effects in isolation, thereby creating unexpected feedbacks to soil greenhouse gas emissions. These findings highlight the need to further explore the impacts of ecological disturbances on ecosystem functioning in the context of global change if we wish to be able to model future soil greenhouse gas emissions with greater confidence

An excess of niche differences maximizes ecosystem functioning

Ecologists have long argued that higher functioning in diverse communities arises from the niche differences stabilizing species coexistence and from the fitness differences driving competitive dominance. However, rigorous tests are lacking. We couple field-parameterized models of competition between 10 annual plant species with a biodiversity-functioning experiment under two contrasting environmental conditions, to study how coexistence determinants link to biodiversity effects (selection and complementarity). We find that complementarity effects positively correlate with niche differences and selection effects differences correlate with fitness differences. However, niche differences also contribute to selection effects and fitness differences to complementarity effects. Despite this complexity, communities with an excess of niche differences (where niche differences exceeded those needed for coexistence) produce more biomass and have faster decomposition rates under drought, but do not take up nutrients more rapidly. We provide empirical evidence that the mechanisms determining coexistence correlate with those maximizing ecosystem functioning. It is unclear how biodiversity-ecosystem functioning and species coexistence mechanisms are linked. Here, Godoy and colleagues combine field-parameterised competition models with a BEF experiment to show that mechanisms leading to more stable species coexistence lead to greater productivity, but not necessarily to enhanced functions other than primary production