A Current Look at Ohio\u27s Juvenile Justice System on the 100th Anniversary of the Juvenile Court

This Note takes a closer look at the problems associated with transferring juveniles to adult court by focusing on Ohio\u27s juvenile transfer statute. Part II begins with an analysis of the history of the juvenile court, including its establishment and evolution throughout time. It also includes an analysis of how the common interpretation of the original approach to juvenile crime has created an overly narrow view of how to deal with the problem today. Part III examines the latest crime statistics that reveal a significant drop in juvenile crime. This section also explores various alternative explanations for the apparent rise in juvenile crime during certain periods in the last twenty years. Part IV summarizes the cognitive, emotional, and developmental differences between juveniles and adults that justify a separate system for our young offenders. Part V analyzes the different methods used to transfer juveniles to adult courts, including waiver, direct file, statutory exclusion, and once an adult, always an adult provisions. Part VI outlines the 1996 changes made to Ohio\u27s transfer statute for both discretionary and mandatory transfer. Part VII points out the problems associated with Ohio\u27s transfer statute and brings to light inadequacies common to most state statutes that make juvenile transfer easier. It also explores possible alternatives to transfer, including a proposal by the Ohio Criminal Sentencing Commission that suggests eliminating transfer and giving the juvenile court judge the ability to impose adult sentences

A Current Look at Ohio\u27s Juvenile Justice System on the 100th Anniversary of the Juvenile Court

This Note takes a closer look at the problems associated with transferring juveniles to adult court by focusing on Ohio\u27s juvenile transfer statute. Part II begins with an analysis of the history of the juvenile court, including its establishment and evolution throughout time. It also includes an analysis of how the common interpretation of the original approach to juvenile crime has created an overly narrow view of how to deal with the problem today. Part III examines the latest crime statistics that reveal a significant drop in juvenile crime. This section also explores various alternative explanations for the apparent rise in juvenile crime during certain periods in the last twenty years. Part IV summarizes the cognitive, emotional, and developmental differences between juveniles and adults that justify a separate system for our young offenders. Part V analyzes the different methods used to transfer juveniles to adult courts, including waiver, direct file, statutory exclusion, and once an adult, always an adult provisions. Part VI outlines the 1996 changes made to Ohio\u27s transfer statute for both discretionary and mandatory transfer. Part VII points out the problems associated with Ohio\u27s transfer statute and brings to light inadequacies common to most state statutes that make juvenile transfer easier. It also explores possible alternatives to transfer, including a proposal by the Ohio Criminal Sentencing Commission that suggests eliminating transfer and giving the juvenile court judge the ability to impose adult sentences

Chant D\u27amour

https://digitalcommons.library.umaine.edu/mmb-ps/3253/thumbnail.jp

The role of surface roughness, albedo, and Bowen ratio on ecosystem energy balance in the Eastern United States

Land cover and land use influence surface climate through differences in biophysical surface properties, including partitioning of sensible and latent heat (e.g., Bowen ratio), surface roughness, and albedo. Clusters of closely spaced eddy covariance towers (e.g., \u3c10 \u3ekm) over a variety of land cover and land use types provide a unique opportunity to study the local effects of land cover and land use on surface temperature. We assess contributions albedo, energy redistribution due to differences in surface roughness and energy redistribution due to differences in the Bowen ratio using two eddy covariance tower clusters and the coupled (land-atmosphere) Variable-Resolution Community Earth System Model. Results suggest that surface roughness is the dominant biophysical factor contributing to differences in surface temperature between forested and deforested lands. Surface temperature of open land is cooler (−4.8 °C to −0.05 °C) than forest at night and warmer (+0.16 °C to +8.2 °C) during the day at northern and southern tower clusters throughout the year, consistent with modeled calculations. At annual timescales, the biophysical contributions of albedo and Bowen ratio have a negligible impact on surface temperature, however the higher albedo of snow-covered open land compared to forest leads to cooler winter surface temperatures over open lands (−0.4 °C to −0.8 °C). In both the models and observation, the difference in mid-day surface temperature calculated from the sum of the individual biophysical factors is greater than the difference in surface temperature calculated from radiative temperature and potential temperature. Differences in measured and modeled air temperature at the blending height, assumptions about independence of biophysical factors, and model biases in surface energy fluxes may contribute to daytime biases

The ecological diversity of vegetation within Urban Parks in the Dabrowski Basin (southern Poland)

The aim of this work is to present the diversity of flora in terms of ecological requirements. The research was conducted in the area of two urban parks in the area of two cities in southern Poland: Bedzin and Czeladz. These parks were established in different historical periods, and were planned (and are managed) differently. The results of the investigation have shown that the occurrence of 192 vascular species has been observed in the Gora Zamkowa (Castle Hill) Park, while in the Grabek park, 334 such species are known to exist. Such disparity is the result of the occurrence of micro-habitats and of the differences between the ways the two parks are managed. It is also due to these parks’ different functions. In the first case, the park area is protected by law. In the latter case, human activity has created a new ecological niche for organisms with a high degree of ecological tolerance. Based on the ecological values, the following groups of plants were distinguished: saxifrages grasslands, xerothermic grasslands, beech forests, alder forests and artificial planted trees. Analysis has shown that urban parks are potential places for growth various type of vegetation and also for increasing biodiversity, and can constitute particularly important hotspots for biodiversity in the cityscape, even if their primary role is recreational. As the study shows, the environment of a highly urbanized and industrialized region can also have a positive influence on ecological and floristic diversity

Sulfur-Oxidizing Symbionts without Canonical Genes for Autotrophic CO2 Fixation

Many animals and protists depend on symbiotic sulfur-oxidizing bacteria as their main food source. These bacteria use energy from oxidizing inorganic sulfur compounds to make biomass autotrophically from CO2, serving as primary producers for their hosts. Here we describe a clade of nonautotrophic sulfur-oxidizing symbionts, “Candidatus Kentron,” associated with marine ciliates. They lack genes for known autotrophic pathways and have a carbon stable isotope fingerprint heavier than other symbionts from similar habitats. Instead, they have the potential to oxidize sulfur to fuel the uptake of organic compounds for heterotrophic growth, a metabolic mode called chemolithoheterotrophy that is not found in other symbioses. Although several symbionts have heterotrophic features to supplement primary production, in Kentron they appear to supplant it entirely.Since the discovery of symbioses between sulfur-oxidizing (thiotrophic) bacteria and invertebrates at hydrothermal vents over 40 years ago, it has been assumed that autotrophic fixation of CO2 by the symbionts drives these nutritional associations. In this study, we investigated “Candidatus Kentron,” the clade of symbionts hosted by Kentrophoros, a diverse genus of ciliates which are found in marine coastal sediments around the world. Despite being the main food source for their hosts, Kentron bacteria lack the key canonical genes for any of the known pathways for autotrophic carbon fixation and have a carbon stable isotope fingerprint that is unlike other thiotrophic symbionts from similar habitats. Our genomic and transcriptomic analyses instead found metabolic features consistent with growth on organic carbon, especially organic and amino acids, for which they have abundant uptake transporters. All known thiotrophic symbionts have converged on using reduced sulfur to gain energy lithotrophically, but they are diverse in their carbon sources. Some clades are obligate autotrophs, while many are mixotrophs that can supplement autotrophic carbon fixation with heterotrophic capabilities similar to those in Kentron. Here we show that Kentron bacteria are the only thiotrophic symbionts that appear to be entirely heterotrophic, unlike all other thiotrophic symbionts studied to date, which possess either the Calvin-Benson-Bassham or the reverse tricarboxylic acid cycle for autotrophy

Topologically disordered systems at the glass transition

The thermodynamic approach to the viscosity and fragility of amorphous oxides was used to determine the topological characteristics of the disordered network-forming systems. Instead of the disordered system of atoms we considered the congruent disordered system of interconnecting bonds. The Gibbs free energy of network-breaking defects (configurons) was found based on available viscosity data. Amorphous silica and germania were used as reference disordered systems for which we found an excellent agreement of calculated and measured glass transition temperatures. We reveal that the Hausdorff dimension of the system of bonds changes from Euclidian three-dimensional below to fractal 2.55 ± 0.05-dimensional geometry above the glass transition temperature

Measuring equilibrium properties in aging systems

We corroborate the idea of a close connection between replica symmetry breaking and aging in the linear response function for a large class of finite-dimensional systems with short-range interactions. In these system, characterized by a continuity condition with respect to weak random perturbations of the Hamiltonian, the ``fluctuation dissipation ratio'' in off-equilibrium dynamics should be equal to the static cumulative distribution function of the overlaps. This allows for an experimental measurement of the equilibrium order parameter function.Comment: 5 pages, LaTeX. The paper has been completely rewritten and shortene