Interaction for Immersive Analytics

International audienceIn this chapter, we briefly review the development of natural user interfaces and discuss their role in providing human-computer interaction that is immersive in various ways. Then we examine some opportunities for how these technologies might be used to better support data analysis tasks. Specifically, we review and suggest some interaction design guidelines for immersive analytics. We also review some hardware setups for data visualization that are already archetypal. Finally, we look at some emerging system designs that suggest future directions

Electrocardiographic Characteristics of Potential Organ Donors and Associations With Cardiac Allograft Use

BackgroundCurrent regulations require that all cardiac allograft offers for transplantation must include an interpreted 12-lead electrocardiogram (ECG). However, little is known about the expected ECG findings in potential organ donors or the clinical significance of any identified abnormalities in terms of cardiac allograft function and suitability for transplantation.Methods and resultsA single experienced reviewer interpreted the first ECG obtained after brain stem herniation in 980 potential organ donors managed by the California Transplant Donor Network from 2002 to 2007. ECG abnormalities were summarized, and associations between specific ECG findings and cardiac allograft use for transplantation were studied. ECG abnormalities were present in 51% of all cases reviewed. The most common abnormalities included voltage criteria for left ventricular hypertrophy, prolongation of the corrected QT interval, and repolarization changes (ST/T wave abnormalities). Fifty-seven percent of potential cardiac allografts in this cohort were accepted for transplantation. Left ventricular hypertrophy on ECG was a strong predictor of allograft nonuse. No significant associations were seen among corrected QT interval prolongation, repolarization changes, and allograft use for transplantation after adjusting for donor clinical variables and echocardiographic findings.ConclusionsWe have performed the first comprehensive study of ECG findings in potential donors for cardiac transplantation. Many of the common ECG abnormalities seen in organ donors may result from the heightened state of sympathetic activation that occurs after brain stem herniation and are not associated with allograft use for transplantation

Electrocardiographic characteristics of potential organ donors and associations with cardiac allograft use.

BackgroundCurrent regulations require that all cardiac allograft offers for transplantation must include an interpreted 12-lead electrocardiogram (ECG). However, little is known about the expected ECG findings in potential organ donors or the clinical significance of any identified abnormalities in terms of cardiac allograft function and suitability for transplantation.Methods and resultsA single experienced reviewer interpreted the first ECG obtained after brain stem herniation in 980 potential organ donors managed by the California Transplant Donor Network from 2002 to 2007. ECG abnormalities were summarized, and associations between specific ECG findings and cardiac allograft use for transplantation were studied. ECG abnormalities were present in 51% of all cases reviewed. The most common abnormalities included voltage criteria for left ventricular hypertrophy, prolongation of the corrected QT interval, and repolarization changes (ST/T wave abnormalities). Fifty-seven percent of potential cardiac allografts in this cohort were accepted for transplantation. Left ventricular hypertrophy on ECG was a strong predictor of allograft nonuse. No significant associations were seen among corrected QT interval prolongation, repolarization changes, and allograft use for transplantation after adjusting for donor clinical variables and echocardiographic findings.ConclusionsWe have performed the first comprehensive study of ECG findings in potential donors for cardiac transplantation. Many of the common ECG abnormalities seen in organ donors may result from the heightened state of sympathetic activation that occurs after brain stem herniation and are not associated with allograft use for transplantation

Age and aneurysm position predict patterns of left ventricular dysfunction after subarachnoid hemorrhage

Cardiac injury, including left ventricular dysfunction, frequently occurs in patients with subarachnoid hemorrhage. Patterns of left ventricular dysfunction often do not follow coronary artery distributions, and may correlate with myocardial sympathetic innervation. Left ventricular dysfunction of the anterior and anteroseptal walls that spares the apex is unusual for patients with myocardial infarction and may represent a neurally mediated pattern of injury. We performed serial echocardiography on 225 patients with subarachnoid hemorrage and classified those with regional wall-motion abnormalities as following either an apex-sparing (AS) or apex-affected (AA) pattern. Wall-motion abnormalities were found in 61 of 225 patients studied (27%). The AS pattern was found in 49% of these patients. Younger age and anterior aneurysm position were independent predictors of this AS pattern. Both patterns of wall-motion abnormalities appear to be transient, reversible phenomena. The AS pattern may represent a unique form of neurally mediated cardiac injury

Assessing the Hereditary Hemorrhagic Telangiectasia Algorithms in a Community-Based Patient Population

Hereditary hemorrhagic telangiectasia (HHT) is a rare, genetic, and underdiagnosed disease that causes vascular malformations throughout the body. Two specific combinations of International Classification of Diseases, Ninth Revision-Clinical Modification diagnosis codes, the "HHT Algorithms" (HHTAs), were developed previously from a derivation cohort to help identify undiagnosed HHT cases. To test these 2 algorithms, and a third, newly designed HHTA, in an independent population with available clinical records and thus identify people who might have undiagnosed HHT. The HHTAs were applied to the patient population of Kaiser Permanente Northern California. The HHTAs produced 3 groups (A, B, and C) using different combinations of diagnosis codes reflecting clinical manifestations of HHT. First, the number of Kaiser Permanente Northern California patients with each code was determined by database programming. Next, detailed chart review was performed, and patients with a Curaçao score of 2 or higher were considered to have possible HHT. Of 3,065,210 records queried, 163 patients met HHTA criteria. After chart review, the study identified 113 patients with possible undiagnosed HHT (Group A: n = 3, Group B: n = 3, Group C: n = 107). Employing the HHTAs in this community-based population resulted in a modest yield of patients with possible HHT. Further research is required to assess the utility of the HHTAs in identifying patients with actual HHT

Prospective analysis of prevalence, distribution, and rate of recovery of left ventricular systolic dysfunction in patients with subarachnoid hemorrhage

Object. Subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH) has been associated with cardiac injury and left ventricular (LV) dysfunction. The incidence and natural history of neurocardiogenic injury after SAH remains poorly understood. The objective of this study was to describe the incidence, time course, recovery rate, and segmental patterns of LV dysfunction after SAH. Methods. Echocardiography was performed three times over a 7-day period in 173 patients with SAH. The incidence of global (ejection fraction [EF] \u3c 50%) and segmental (any regional wall-motion abnormality [RWMA]) LV dysfunction was measured. The time course of LV dysfunction was determined by comparing the prevalence of LVEF less than 50% and RWMA at 0 to 2, 3 to 5, and 6 to 8 days after SAH. The recovery rate was defined as the proportion of patients with partial or complete normalization of function. The distribution of RWMAs among 16 LV segments was also determined. An LVEF less than 50% was found in 15% of patients, and 13% had an RWMA with a normal LVEF. There was a trend toward increased dysfunction at 0 to 2 days after SAH, compared with 3 to 8 days after SAH. Recovery of LV function was observed in 66% of patients. The most frequently abnormal LV segments were the basal and middle ventricular portions of the anteroseptal and anterior walls. The apex was rarely affected. Conclusions. Left ventricular systolic dysfunction occurs frequently after SAH and usually improves over time. The observed segmental patterns of LV dysfunction often do not correlate with coronary artery distributions

Predictors of Neurocardiogenic Injury after Subarachnoid Hemorrhage

Background and Purpose-Subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH) frequently results in myocardial necrosis with release of cardiac enzymes. Historically, this necrosis has been attributed to coronary artery disease, coronary vasospasm, or oxygen supply-demand mismatch. Experimental evidence, however, indicates that excessive release of norepinephrine from the myocardial sympathetic nerves is the most likely cause. We hypothesized that myocardial necrosis after SAH is a neurally mediated process that is dependent on the severity of neurological injury. Methods-Consecutive patients admitted with SAH were enrolled prospectively. Predictor variables reflecting demographic (age, sex, body surface area), hemodynamic (heart rate, systolic blood pressure), treatment (phenylephrine dose), and neurological (Hunt-Hess score) factors were recorded. Serial cardiac troponin I measurements and echocardiography were performed on days 1, 3, and 6 after enrollment. Troponin level was treated as a dichotomous outcome variable. We performed univariate and multivariate analyses on the relationships between the predictor variables and troponin level. Results-The study included 223 patients with an average age of 54 years. Twenty percent of the subjects had troponin I levels \u3e1.0 μg/L (range, 0.3 to 50 μg/L). By multivariate logistic regression, a Hunt-Hess score \u3e2, female sex, larger body surface area and left ventricular mass, lower systolic blood pressure, and higher heart rate and phenylephrine dose were independent predictors of troponin elevation. Conclusions-The degree of neurological injury as measured by the Hunt-Hess grade is a strong, independent predictor of myocardial necrosis after SAH. This finding supports the hypothesis that cardiac injury after SAH is a neurally mediated process

Predictors of left ventricular regional wall motion abnormalities after subarachnoid hemorrhage

Introduction: Cardiac abnormalities that have been reported after subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH) include the release of cardiac biomarkers, electrocardiographic changes, and left ventricular (LV) systolic dysfunction. The mechanisms of cardiac dysfunction after SAH remain controversial. The aim of this study was to determine the prevalence of LV regional wall motion abnormalities (RWMA) after SAH and to quantify the independent effects of specific demographic and clinical variables in predicting the development of RWMA. Methods: Three hundred patients hospitalized with SAH were prospectively studied with serial echocardiography. The primary outcome measure was the presence of RWMA. The predictor variables included the admission Hunt & Hess grade, age, gender, cardiac risk factors, aneurysm location, plasma catecholamine levels, cardiac troponin I (cTi) level, heart rate (HR), blood pressure, and phenylephrine dose. Univariate and multivariate logistic regression was performed with adjustment for serial measurements, reporting odds ratios (OR) and 95% confidence intervals (CI). Results: In this study, 817 echocardiograms were analysed. RWMA were detected in 18% of those studied. The prevalence of RWMA in patients with Hunt & Hess grades 3 - 5 was 35%. Among patients with a peak cTi level greater than 1.0 m g/L, 65% had RWMA. Multivariate analysis demonstrated that high Hunt & Hess grade (OR 4.22 for grade 3 - 5 versus grade 1 - 2, p = 0.046), a cTi level greater than 1.0 μg/L (OR 10.47, p = 0.001), a history of prior cocaine or amphetamine use (OR 5.50, p = 0.037), and higher HR (OR 1.34 per 10 bpm increase, p = 0.024) were predictive of RWMA. Conclusions: RWMA were frequent after SAH. High-grade SAH, an elevation in cTi levels, a history of prior stimulant drug use, and tachycardia are independent predictors of RWMA. Copyright © 2006 Humana Press Inc. All rights of any nature whatsoever are reserved