Autonomic disaggregated multilayer networking

Focused on reducing capital expenditures by opening the data plane to multiple vendors without impacting performance, node disaggregation is attracting the interest of network operators. Although the software-defined networking (SDN) paradigm is key for the control of such networks, the increased complexity of multilayer networks strictly requires monitoring/telemetry and data analytics capabilities to assist in creating and operating self-managed (autonomic) networks. Such autonomicity greatly reduces operational expenditures, while improving network performance. In this context, a monitoring and data analytics (MDA) architecture consisting of centralized data storage with data analytics capabilities, together with a generic node agent for monitoring/telemetry supporting disaggregation, is presented. A YANG data model that allows one to clearly separate responsibilities for monitoring configuration from node configuration is also proposed. The MDA architecture and YANG data models are experimentally demonstrated through three different use cases: i) virtual link creation supported by an optical connection, where monitoring is automatically activated; ii) multilayer self-configuration after bit error rate (BER) degradation detection, where a modulation format adaptation is recommended for the SDN controller to minimize errors (this entails reducing the capacity of both the virtual link and supported multiprotocol label switching-transport profile (MPLS-TP) paths); and iii) optical layer selfhealing, including failure localization at the optical layer to find the cause of BER degradation. A combination of active and passive monitoring procedures allows one to localize the cause of the failure, leading to lightpath rerouting recommendations toward the SDN controller avoiding the failing element(s).Peer ReviewedPostprint (author's final draft

Aerial and root mass in Leucaena leucocephala L. grown in nursery with nitrogen and phosphate fertilization

The objective of the study was to determine above and below ground biomass in Leucaena at different rates of N and P fertilization (0, 25 and 50 kg ha-1 for both elements) in a 3 x 3 factorial arrangement. The experimental design was a completely randomized with 10 replications and the experimental unit was one plant. Fertilization was applied at 80 d and measurements taken at 148 d after the emergence of the first true leaf. Within the first 15 days after fertilization all plants receiving the rate of 50 kg of N ha-1 died, thus the statistical analysis was applied to a 2 x 3 factorial, with two levels of N (0 and 25 kg ha-1) and the three of P. The interaction NXP was not significant (P >0.05) in any of the variables measured. Application of N reduced (P <0.05) root weight, volume, and length and stem weight by 20 to 36%, and increased leaf to stem ratio without effect on leaf weight (P < 0.05). Plants without N showed up to 54 root nodules, and plants with N none. Application of P caused reduction (P < 0.05) of root volume and stem weight increased leaf to stem ratio without effect (P >0.05) on nodulation. The aerial and root biomass of Leucaena in the nursery stage did not benefit from N and P fertilization

Growth analysis of three lines of barley for forage production : in the valley of Mexico

Los objetivos del estudio fueron construir curvas de acumulación de forraje, y determinar el momento óptimo de corte para forraje de tres líneas de cebada, durante dos ciclos de crecimiento. Los cortes se iniciaron a los 43 días después de la siembra (DDS) y hasta que se alcanzó la máxima acumulación de materia seca. La acumulación de forraje, composición morfológica, índice de área foliar, altura de planta e intercepción luminosa se evaluaron semanalmente. Los datos de los experimentos se analizaron con SAS, para un diseño experimental de bloques al azar en arreglo de parcelas divididas con tres repeticiones. La radiación interceptada y el índice de área foliar pueden ser criterios utilizados para determinar el momento óptimo de corte. El momento óptimo de corte en el segundo ciclo de cultivo fue a los 70 DDS, con valores de intercepción luminosa de 94, 95 y 91%, con índices de área foliar de 7, 5 y 3 y alturas de 88, 82 y 59 cm para Esp x O'Connor, Esp x Cp y Lenetah (p < 0,05), en el estado de elongación del tallo. El período óptimo de desarrollo para corte de forraje verde o henificado en cebada es la etapa de elongación del tallo, debido a que en esta etapa se registró la mayor cantidad de hojas, intercepción luminosa e índice de área foliar. Desde el punto de vista de rendimiento total se recomienda cosechar en el inicio del estado masoso del grano que es cuando se tiene la mayor cantidad de forraje y grano.The objectives of the research were to generate forage accumulation curves, and to determine the optimal cutting time for forage for three lines of barley, during two growth cycles. Cuttings started 43 days after sowing (DAS), and until the maximum accumulation of dry matter was reached. Forage accumulation, morphological composition, leaf area index, plant height and light interception were evaluated weekly. Data from the experiments were analyzed using SAS software, using a randomized block design and a split-plot arrangement with three replicates. Intercepted radiation and leaf area can be used to determine the optimal cutting time. The optimal cutting time in the second growth cycle was 70 DAS, with intercepted radiation values of 94, 95, and 91%, leaf area indices of 7, 5, and 3, and heights of 88, 82 and 59 cm for Esp x O'Connor, Esp x CP and Lenetah (p < 0.05), respectively, at the stem elongation stage. The optimum period or optimum phenological stage for cutting of green forage or haying is the stem elongation stage, due to high values of leaves number, light interception and leaf area index recorded in this phenological stage. Since a point of view of total dry matter yield it is recommended to harvest at the beginning of grain dough stage, when the grain yield and dry matter yield are the highest.Fil: Wilson García, Claudia Yanet. Texcoco (México). Colegio de PostgraduadosFil: Hernández Garay, Alfonso. Texcoco (México). Colegio de PostgraduadosFil: Ortega Cerrilla, María Esther. Texcoco (México). Colegio de PostgraduadosFil: Bárcena Gama, Ricardo. Texcoco (México). Colegio de PostgraduadosFil: Zaragoza Ramírez, José Luis. Universidad Autónoma Chapingo (México)Fil: Aranda Osorio, Gilberto. Universidad Autónoma Chapingo (México

Targeting TLR4 with ApTOLL Improves Heart Function in Response to Coronary Ischemia Reperfusion in Pigs Undergoing Acute Myocardial Infarction.

Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) contributes to the pathogenesis of coronary ischemia/reperfusion (IR). To test whether the new TLR4 antagonist, ApTOLL, may prevent coronary IR damage, we administered 0.078 mg/kg ApTOLL or Placebo in pigs subjected to IR, analyzing the levels of cardiac troponins, matrix metalloproteinases, pro-, and anti-inflammatory cytokines, heart function, and tissue integrity over a period of 7 days after IR. Our results show that ApTOLL reduced cardiac troponin-1 24 h after administration, improving heart function, as detected by a significant recovery of the left ventricle ejection fraction (LVEF) and the shortening fraction (FS) cardiac parameters. The extension of necrotic and fibrotic areas was also reduced, as detected by Evans blue/2,3,5-triphenyltetrazolium chloride (TTC) staining, Hematoxylin/Eosine, and Masson Trichrome staining of heart sections, together with a significant reduction in the expression of the extracellular matrix-degrading, matrix metalloproteinase 9. Finally, the expression of the following cytokines, CCL1, CCL2, MIP1-A-B, CCL5, CD40L, C5/C5A, CXCL1, CXCL10, CXCL11, CXCL12, G-CSF, GM-CSF, ICAM-1, INF-g, IL1-a, ILI-b, IL-1Ra, IL2, IL4, IL5, IL6, IL8, IL10, IL12, IL13, IL16, IL17-A, IL17- E, IL18, IL21, IL27, IL32, MIF, SERPIN-E1, TNF-a, and TREM-1, were also assayed, detecting a pronounced decrease of pro-inflammatory cytokines after 7 days of treatment with ApTOLL. Altogether, our results show that ApTOLL is a promising new tool for the treatment of acute myocardial infarction (AMI).post-print3782 K

Ivabradine Induces Cardiac Protection against Myocardial Infarction by Preventing Cyclophilin-A Secretion in Pigs under Coronary Ischemia/Reperfusion.

In response to cardiac ischemia/reperfusion, proteolysis mediated by extracellular matrix metalloproteinase inducer (EMMPRIN) and its secreted ligand cyclophilin-A (CyPA) significantly contributes to cardiac injury and necrosis. Here, we aimed to investigate if, in addition to the effect on the funny current (I(f)), Ivabradine may also play a role against cardiac necrosis by reducing EMMPRIN/CyPA-mediated cardiac inflammation. In a porcine model of cardiac ischemia/reperfusion (IR), we found that administration of 0.3 mg/kg Ivabradine significantly improved cardiac function and reduced cardiac necrosis by day 7 after IR, detecting a significant increase in cardiac CyPA in the necrotic compared to the risk areas, which was inversely correlated with the levels of circulating CyPA detected in plasma samples from the same subjects. In testing whether Ivabradine may regulate the levels of CyPA, no changes in tissue CyPA were found in healthy pigs treated with 0.3 mg/kg Ivabradine, but interestingly, when analyzing the complex EMMPRIN/CyPA, rather high glycosylated EMMPRIN, which is required for EMMPRIN-mediated matrix metalloproteinase (MMP) activation and increased CyPA bonding to low-glycosylated forms of EMMPRIN were detected by day 7 after IR in pigs treated with Ivabradine. To study the mechanism by which Ivabradine may prevent secretion of CyPA, we first found that Ivabradine was time-dependent in inhibiting co-localization of CyPA with the granule exocytosis marker vesicle-associated membrane protein 1 (VAMP1). However, Ivabradine had no effect on mRNA expression nor in the proteasome and lysosome degradation of CyPA. In conclusion, our results point toward CyPA, its ligand EMMPRIN, and the complex CyPA/EMMPRIN as important targets of Ivabradine in cardiac protection against IR.post-print361 K

Ivabradine-Stimulated Microvesicle Release Induces Cardiac Protection against Acute Myocardial Infarction.

Ivabradine can reduce heart rate through inhibition of the current I(f ) by still unexplored mechanisms. In a porcine model of ischemia reperfusion (IR), we found that treatment with 0.3 mg/kg Ivabradine increased plasma release of microvesicles (MVs) over Placebo, as detected by flow cytometry of plasma isolated from pigs 7 days after IR, in which a tenfold increase of Extracellular Matrix Metalloproteinase Inducer (EMMPRIN) containing (both high and low-glycosylated) MVs, was detected in response to Ivabradine. The source of MVs was investigated, finding a 37% decrease of CD31+ endothelial cell derived MVs, while CD41+ platelet MVs remained unchanged. By contrast, Ivabradine induced the release of HCN4+ (mostly cardiac) MVs. While no differences respect to EMMPRIN as a cargo component were found in endothelial and platelet derived MVs, Ivabradine induced a significant release of EMMPRIN+/HCN4+ MVs by day 7 after IR. To test the role of EMMPRIN+ cardiacMVs (EMCMV), H9c2 cellmonolayers were incubated for 24 h with 107 EMCMVs, reducing apoptosis, and increasing 2 times cell proliferation and 1.5 times cell migration. The in vivo contribution of Ivabradine-induced plasma MVs was also tested, in which 108 MVs isolated from the plasma of pigs treated with Ivabradine or Placebo 7 days after IR, were injected in pigs under IR, finding a significant cardiac protection by increasing left ventricle ejection fraction and a significant reduction of the necrotic area. In conclusion ivabradine induces cardiac protection by increasing at least the release of EMMPRIN containing cardiac microvesicles.post-print1810 K

Seed yield variables of five wild Poaceae species in La Siberia, Chapingo, México

The objective of the study was to evaluate the variables of seed yield in situ in Bouteloua gracilis, Bouteloua hirsuta, Bouteloua curtipendula, Mulhenbergia rigida and Schizachyrium scoparium in La Siberia, Chapingo, Mexico. The study was carried out on wild plants in which it is applied, total stems per plant-1, number of branches plant-1, number of branches-1, number and quantity of seed-1, stem-1 and plant- 1 to later evaluate the filling percentage and viability. Data were analyzed with GLM of SAS in Completely Random Blocks design and Tukey's test (α = 0.05). There was no grass species that exceeded 25 flower stems per plant (P<0.001). B. gracilis showed a lower number of inflorescences per plant compared to B. hirsuta (P<0.001), however, with a higher number of branches (P <0.001). Seed production per plant (mg) was higher in M. rigida (P <0.001; 12902), followed by B. curtipendula (2246) and S. scoparium (1465). In physical quality of seed B. curtipendula presented a higher percentage of filling (P<0.001; 17%) and S. scoparium greater viability (P<0.001; 78%) and weight of 1000 seeds (P<0.001; 1.52 mg). In La Siberia, B. curtipendula and S. scoparium were identified as potential grasses to collect seed and then be used for reconversion or rehabilitationThe objective of the study was to evaluate the seed yield variables in situ in Bouteloua gracilis, Bouteloua hirsuta, Bouteloua curtipendula, Mulhenbergia rigida and Schizachyrium scoparium in La Siberia, Chapingo, Mexico. The study was carried out on wild plants in which the following were recorded: total stems plant-1, number of branches plant-1, number and quantity of seed-1, stem-1 and plant- 1 to later evaluate the percentage of filling and viability. The data were analyzed with GLM of SAS in Completely Random Blocks design and Tukey’s test (α = 0.05). There was no grass species that exceeded 25 flower stems per plant (P<0.001). B. gracilis showed a lower number of inflorescences per plant compared to B. hirsuta (P<0.001), however, with a higher number of branches (P <0.001). Seed production per plant (mg) was higher in M. rigida (P <0.001; 12902), followed by B. curtipendula (2246) and S. scoparium (1465). In physical quality of B. curtipendula seed, it presented a higher percentage of filling (P<0.001; 17%) and S. scoparium greater viability (P<0.001; 78%) and weight of 1000 seeds (P<0.001; 1.52 mg). In La Siberia, B. curtipendula and S. scoparium were identified as potential grasses to collect seed and then be used for reclamation or rehabilitation

Ivabradine in acute heart failure: Effects on heart rate and hemodynamic parameters in a randomized and controlled swine trial

Background: Acute heart failure patients could benefit from heart rate reduction, as myocardial consumption and oxidative stress are related to tachycardia. Ivabradine could have a clinical role attenuating catecholamine-induced tachycardia. The aim of this study was to evaluate hemodynamic effects of ivabradine in a swine model of acute heart failure. Methods: Myocardial infarction was induced by 45 min left anterior descending artery balloon occlusion in 18 anesthetized pigs. An infusion of dobutamine and noradrenaline was maintained aiming to preserve adequate hemodynamic support, accompanied by fluid administration to obtain a pulmonary wedged pressure ≥ 18 mmHg. After reperfusion, rhythm and hemodynamic stabilization, the animals were randomized to 0.3 mg/kg ivabradine intravenously (n = 9) or placebo (n = 9). Hemodynamic parameters were observed over a 60 min period. Results: Ivabradine was associated with a significant reduction in heart rate (88.4 ± 12.0 bpm vs. 122.7 ± 17.3 bpm after 15 min of ivabradine/placebo infusion, p < 0.01) and an increase in stroke volume (68.8 ± 13.7 mL vs. 52.4 ± 11.5 mL after 15 min, p = 0.01). There were no significant differences in systemic or pulmonary arterial pressure, or significant changes in pulmonary capillary pressure. However, after 15 min, cardiac output was significantly reduced with ivabradine (–5.2% vs. +15.0% variation in ivabradine/placebo group, p = 0.03), and central venous pressure increased (+4.2% vs. –19.7% variation, p < 0.01). Conclusions: Ivabradine reduces heart rate and increases stroke volume without modifying systemic or left filling pressures in a swine model of acute heart failure. However, an excessive heart rate reduction could lead to a decrease in cardiac output and an increase in right filling pressures. Future studies with specific heart rate targets are needed

Ivabradine in acute heart failure: Effects on heart rate and hemodynamic parameters in a randomized and controlled swine trial.

Background: Acute heart failure patients could benefit from heart rate reduction, as myocardial consumption and oxidative stress are related to tachycardia. Ivabradine could have a clinical role attenuating catecholamine-induced tachycardia. The aim of this study was to evaluate hemodynamic effects of ivabradine in a swine model of acute heart failure. Methods: Myocardial infarction was induced by 45 min left anterior descending artery balloon occlusion in 18 anesthetized pigs. An infusion of dobutamine and noradrenaline was maintained aiming to preserve adequate hemodynamic support, accompanied by fluid administration to obtain a pulmonary wedged pressure ≥ 18 mmHg. After reperfusion, rhythm and hemodynamic stabilization, the animals were randomized to 0.3 mg/kg ivabradine intravenously (n = 9) or placebo (n = 9). Hemodynamic parameters were observed over a 60 min period. Results: Ivabradine was associated with a significant reduction in heart rate (88.4 ± 12.0 bpm vs. 122.7 ± 17.3 bpm after 15 min of ivabradine/placebo infusion, p < 0.01) and an increase in stroke volume (68.8 ± 13.7 mL vs. 52.4 ± 11.5 mL after 15 min, p = 0.01). There were no significant differences in systemic or pulmonary arterial pressure, or significant changes in pulmonary capillary pressure. However, after 15 min, cardiac output was significantly reduced with ivabradine (–5.2% vs. +15.0% variation in ivabradine/placebo group, p = 0.03), and central venous pressure increased (+4.2% vs. – 19.7% variation, p < 0.01). Conclusions: Ivabradine reduces heart rate and increases stroke volume without modifying systemic or left filling pressures in a swine model of acute heart failure. However, an excessive heart rate reduction could lead to a decrease in cardiac output and an increase in right filling pressures. Future studies with specific heart rate targets are needed.pre-print2533 K