State estimation of a solar direct steam generation mono-tube cavity receiver using a modified Extended Kalman Filtering scheme

State estimation plays a key role in the development of advanced control strategies for Concentrating Solar Thermal Power (CSP) systems, by providing an estimate of process variables that are otherwise infeasible to measure. The present study proposes a state estimation scheme for a once-through direct steam generation plant, the SG4 steam generation system at the Australian National University. The state estimation scheme is a modified Extended Kalman Filter that computes an estimate of the internal variables of the mono-tube cavity receiver in the SG4 system, from a dynamic non-linear model of the receiver. The proposed scheme augments the capabilities of a Continuous-Direct Extended Kalman Filter to deal with the switched nature of the receiver, in order to produce estimates during system start-up, cloud transients and operation of the plant. The estimation process runs at regular sample intervals and happens in two stages, a prediction and a correction stage. The prediction stage uses the receiver model to calculate the evolution of the system and the correction stage modifies the predicted estimate from measurements of the SG4 system. The resulting estimate is a set of internal variables describing the current state of the receiver, termed the state vector. This paper presents a description of the modified Extended Kalman Filter and an evaluation of the scheme using computer simulations and experimental runs in the SG4 system. Simulations and experimental results in this paper show that the filtering scheme improves a receiver state vector estimation purely based on the receiver model and provides estimates of a quality sufficient for closed loop control.This work has been supported by the Australian Renewable Energy Agency (ARENA)

Symmetry characterization of the collective modes of the phase diagram of the ν=0\nu=0 quantum Hall state in graphene: Mean-field and spontaneously broken symmetries

We devote this work to the study of the mean-field phase diagram of the $\nu=0$ quantum Hall state in bilayer graphene and the computation of the corresponding neutral collective modes, extending the results of recent works in the literature. Specifically, we provide a detailed classification of the complete orbital-valley-spin structure of the collective modes and show that phase transitions are characterized by singlet modes in orbital pseudospin, which are independent of the Coulomb strength and suffer strong many-body corrections from short-range interactions at low momentum. We describe the symmetry breaking mechanism for phase transitions in terms of the valley-spin structure of the Goldstone modes. For the remaining phase boundaries, we prove that the associated exact $SO(5)$ symmetry existing at zero Zeeman energy and interlayer voltage survives as a weaker mean-field symmetry of the Hartree-Fock equations. We extend the previous results for bilayer graphene to the monolayer scenario. Finally, we show that taking into account Landau level mixing through screening does not modify the physical picture explained above.Comment: 44 pages, 10 figure

Nonclassical Kinetics in Constrained Geometries: Initial Distribution Effects

We present a detailed study of the effects of the initial distribution on the kinetic evolution of the irreversible reaction A+B -> 0 in one dimension. Our analytic as well as numerical work is based on a reaction-diffusion model of this reaction. We focus on the role of initial density fluctuations in the creation of the macroscopic patterns that lead to the well-known kinetic anomalies in this system. In particular, we discuss the role of the long wavelength components of the initial fluctuations in determining the long-time behavior of the system. We note that the frequently studied random initial distribution is but one of a variety of possible distributions leading to interesting anomalous behavior. Our discussion includes an initial distribution with correlated A-B pairs and one in which the initial distribution forms a fractal pattern. The former is an example of a distribution whose long wavelength components are suppressed, while the latter exemplifies one whose long wavelength components are enhanced, relative to those of the random distribution.Comment: To appear in International Journal of Bifurcation and Chaos Vol. 8 No.

Feshbach-type resonances for two-particle scattering in graphene

Two-particle scattering in graphene is a multichannel problem, where the energies of the identical or opposite-helicity channels lie in disjoint energy segments. Due to the absence of Galilean invariance, these segments depend on the total momentum $Q$. The dispersion relations for the two opposite-helicity scattering channels are analogous to those of two one-dimensional tight-binding lattices with opposite dispersion relations, which are known to easily bind states at their edges. When an $s$-wave separable interaction potential is assumed, those bound states reveal themselves as three Feshbach resonances in the identical-helicity channel. In the limit $Q \rightarrow 0$, one of the resonances survives and the opposite-helicity scattering amplitudes vanish.Comment: 8 pages, 2 figure

Violation of Cauchy-Schwarz inequalities by spontaneous Hawking radiation in resonant boson structures

The violation of a classical Cauchy-Schwarz (CS) inequality is identified as an unequivocal signature of spontaneous Hawking radiation in sonic black holes. This violation can be particularly large near the peaks in the radiation spectrum emitted from a resonant boson structure forming a sonic horizon. As a function of the frequency-dependent Hawking radiation intensity, we analyze the degree of CS violation and the maximum violation temperature for a double barrier structure separating two regions of subsonic and supersonic condensate flow. We also consider the case where the resonant sonic horizon is produced by a space-dependent contact interaction. In some cases, CS violation can be observed by direct atom counting in a time-of-flight experiment. We show that near the conventional zero-frequency radiation peak, the decisive CS violation cannot occur.Comment: 10 pages, 6 figure

Entanglement and violation of classical inequalities in the Hawking radiation of flowing atom condensates

We consider a sonic black-hole scenario where an atom condensate flows through a subsonic-supersonic interface. We discuss several criteria that reveal the existence of nonclassical correlations resulting from the quantum character of the spontaneous Hawking radiation. We unify previous general work as applied to Hawking radiation analogs. We investigate the measurability of the various indicators and conclude that, within a class of detection schemes, only the violation of quadratic Cauchy-Schwarz inequalities can be discerned. We show numerical results that further support the viability of measuring deep quantum correlations in concrete scenarios.Comment: 15 pages, 6 figure