Burnout among surgeons before and during the SARS-CoV-2 pandemic: an international survey

Background: SARS-CoV-2 pandemic has had many significant impacts within the surgical realm, and surgeons have been obligated to reconsider almost every aspect of daily clinical practice. Methods: This is a cross-sectional study reported in compliance with the CHERRIES guidelines and conducted through an online platform from June 14th to July 15th, 2020. The primary outcome was the burden of burnout during the pandemic indicated by the validated Shirom-Melamed Burnout Measure. Results: Nine hundred fifty-four surgeons completed the survey. The median length of practice was 10 years; 78.2% included were male with a median age of 37 years old, 39.5% were consultants, 68.9% were general surgeons, and 55.7% were affiliated with an academic institution. Overall, there was a significant increase in the mean burnout score during the pandemic; longer years of practice and older age were significantly associated with less burnout. There were significant reductions in the median number of outpatient visits, operated cases, on-call hours, emergency visits, and research work, so, 48.2% of respondents felt that the training resources were insufficient. The majority (81.3%) of respondents reported that their hospitals were included in the management of COVID-19, 66.5% felt their roles had been minimized; 41% were asked to assist in non-surgical medical practices, and 37.6% of respondents were included in COVID-19 management. Conclusions: There was a significant burnout among trainees. Almost all aspects of clinical and research activities were affected with a significant reduction in the volume of research, outpatient clinic visits, surgical procedures, on-call hours, and emergency cases hindering the training. Trial registration: The study was registered on clicaltrials.gov "NCT04433286" on 16/06/2020

Review of Chemical Constituents and Pharmacology of Brown-Rot Fungus Fomitopsis Pinicola

Fomitopsis pinicola is a well-known medicinal mushroom commonly used in Chinese traditional medicine and Korean folk medicine for many years, and it is believed as a non-toxic medicinal mushroom that has many clinical effects on the human body with no sub-acute toxic impacts. In recent years, the use of medicinal mushrooms is enhanced greatly. Several different principal chemical constituents are present in the fruiting bodies of F.pinicola. These principal compounds were extracted from fruiting bodies of F.pinicola, have medicinal qualities and give different pharmacological impacts in the human body. The motive of the current review paper was to intricate the principal chemical constituents that are extracted from F.pinicola fruiting bodies and demonstrate the pharmacological effects of these extracts. F.pinicola extracts have no toxic side effects on vital organs such as liver, kidney, heart, spleen, pancreas, lungs and brain. The present study describes that both low molecular weight and high molecular weight compounds that are present in the fruiting bodies of F.pinicola. This included many useful enzymes, steroids, triterpenes and triterpenes derivatives, anti-tumor active constituents, and health beneficial nutritious compounds. These principal compounds showed important medicinal effects on the human body by providing a shield effect to the internal organs against diseases and also heal the damaged tissues and organs. The pharmacological effects of F.pinicola active constituents include anti-tumor, anti-diabetic, anti-hyperlipidemic by controlling obesity, anti-oxidant effect, anti-microbial, anti-inflammatory and also showed an industrial waste treatment effect. Keywords: Fomitopsis pinicola, Chinese traditional medicine, chemical constituents, pharmacological effects, waste treatment. DOI: 10.7176/JNSR/10-2-07 Publication date: January 31st 202

Estimated burden of serious human fungal diseases in Turkey

Seyedmousavi, Seyedmojtaba/0000-0002-6194-7447; Denning, David/0000-0001-5626-2251; Hedayati, Mohammad T./0000-0001-6415-4648; Ilkit, Macit/0000-0002-1174-4182WOS: 000453770400004PubMed: 30107069The current number of fungal infections occurring each year in Turkey is unknown. We estimated the burden of serious human fungal diseases based on the population at risk, existing epidemiological data from 1920 to 2017 and modelling previously described by the LIFE program (). Among the population of Turkey (80.8 million in 2017), approximately 1 785 811 (2.21%) people are estimated to suffer from a serious fungal infection each year. the model used predicts high prevalences of allergic fungal rhinosinusitis episodes (312 994 cases) (392/100 000), of severe asthma with fungal sensitisation (42 989 cases) (53.20 cases/100 000 adults per year), of allergic bronchopulmonary aspergillosis (32 594 cases) (40.33/100 000), of fungal keratitis (26 671 cases) (33/100 000) and of chronic pulmonary aspergillosis (5890 cases) (7.29/100 000). the estimated annual incidence for invasive aspergillosis is lower (3911 cases) (4.84/100 000 annually). Among about 22.5 million women aged 15-50 years, recurrent vulvovaginal candidiasis is estimated to occur in 1 350 371 (3342/100 000) females. the burden of three superficial fungal infections was also estimated: tinea pedis (1.79 million), tinea capitis (43 900) and onychomycosis (1.73 million). Given that the modelling estimates reported in the current study might be substantially under- or overestimated, formal epidemiological and comprehensive surveillance studies are required to validate or modify these estimates