Cell death in health and disease

Cell death is clearly an important factor in development, homeostasis, pathology and in aging, but medical efforts based on controlling cell death have not become major aspects of medicine. There are several reasons why hopes have been slow to be fulfilled, and they present indications for new directions in research. Most effort has focused on the machinery of cell death, or the proximate effectors of apoptosis and their closely associated and interacting proteins. But cells have many options other than apoptosis. These include autophagy, necrosis, atrophy and stepwise or other alternate means of self-disassembly. The response of a cell to a noxious or otherwise intimidating signal will depend heavily on the history, lineage and current status of the cell. Many metabolic and other processes adjust the sensitivity of cells to signals, and viruses aggressively attempt to regulate the death of their host cells. Another complicating factor is that many deathassociated proteins may have functions totally unrelated to their role in cell death, generating the possibility of undesirable side effects if one interferes with them. In the future, the challenge will be more to understand the challenge to the cell from a more global standpoint, including many more aspects of metabolism, and work toward alleviating or provoking the challenge in a targeted fashion

The study of interleukin-23 and interleukin-10 serum levels in patients with rheumatoid arthritis compared to osteoporosis and healthy subjects

زمینه و هدف: سیتوکین ها در روندهایی که باعث التهاب، تخریب مفصلی و علائم خارج مفصلی که به همراه آرتریت روماتوئید دیده می شود، دارای نقش اساسی هستند. هدف از این مطالعه، بررسی نقش اینترلوکین-23 و اینترلوکین-10 در بیماری آرتریت روماتوئید قبل از درمان و سه ماه پس از درمان در مقایسه با گروه کنترل و افراد مبتلا به استئوپروز می باشد. روش بررسی: در این مطالعه مقطعی، 30 بیمار مبتلا به آرتریت روماتوئید، 30 فرد سالم بعنوان گروه کنترل و 15 بیمار مبتلا به استئوپروز که از نظر سن و جنس همسان بودند انتخاب و نمونه های خون آن ها به منظور اندازه گیری سطوح سرمی اینترلوکین-23 و اینترلوکین- 10 جمع آوری گردید. مقادیر سرمی اینترلوکین های مذکور به روش الیزا اندازه گیری شد. یافته ها: میزان اینترلوکین-23 در بیماران مبتلا به آرتریت روماتوئید به طور معنی داری بیشتر از گروه کنترل و افراد مبتلا به استئوپروز بود. مقادیر سرمی اینترلوکین-23 در بیماران مبتلا به آرتریت روماتوئید سه ماه بعد از درمان بطور معنی داری نسبت به مقادیر سرمی آن قبل از درمان کاهش یافته بود. مقادیر سرمی اینترلوکین-10 در گروه بیماران مبتلا به آرتریت روماتوئید قبل از درمان نسبت به گروه کنترل و گروه مبتلا به استئوپروز اختلاف معنی داری نداشت، اما سطوح سرمی اینترلوکین مذکور در بیماران مبتلا به آرتریت روماتوئید قبل از درمان و سه ماه بعد از درمان اختلاف معنی داری را نشان داد. نتیجه گیری: اینترلوکین-23 و اینترلوکین-10 در بیماران مبتلا به آرتریت روماتوئید بسیار فعال بوده و دچار تغییرات شدیدی می شوند؛ در نتیجه این سیتوکین ها ممکن است، به مقدار زیادی در مکانیسم پاتولوژیک بیماری دخالت داشته باشند

Variable Clinical Presentations of Riedel's Thyroiditis: Report of Two Cases

Riedel's thyroiditis is a rare inflammatory disease of the thyroid gland and has been reported in 0.05% of thyroid surgeries. Herein we report two cases of Riedel's thyroiditis with variable clinical presentations. One of these cases was a 51-year-old man who was presented with hypothyroidism and the other a 17-year-old young male with thyrotoxicosis. In these cases, age may be a determining factor in presenting symptoms and signs, disease process, and response to treatment

Discourse Strategies in the Story of Prophet Yusuf (Peace Be upon Him)

الخطاب يعني مراجعة الكلام،أوالمواجهة بالكلام، وعلى المستوى الدلالي يعني كلاما أو رسالة أومحاضرة أونصّا ما. فالخطاب قائم علي جملة من العناصرالأساسية هي: المرسل، والمرسل إليه والخطاب. ولکل خطاب خطة يرسمها المرسل لتوصيل غرضه إلي المتلقي تطلق عليها الاستراتيجية؛ تنقسم استراتيجيات الخطاب من حيث السلطة و الهدف إلي أربع: الاستراتيجية التضامنية، الاستراتيجية التوجيهية، الاستراتيجية التلميحية والاستراتيجية الإقناعية.    يهدف هذا البحث إلي استخراج استراتيجيات الخطاب التي استعملتها شخصيات القصة في سورة يوسف علي وفق نظرية بن ظافر الشهري(1965م) وتحليلها بمنهج وصفي تحليلي تطبيقي.   أهم نتيجة توصل إليها البحث أن الاستراتيجية التضامنية هي الغالبة في هذه القصة؛ وللاستراتيجية الإقناعية المرکز الثاني.Discourse is communication of thought by words; talk; conversation; a  formal  discussion  of  a  subject  in  speech  or  writing. Linguistics: any unit of connected speech or writing  longer  than a sentence. Depending on authority and purpose, discourse strategies are divided into:  solidarity, persuasive, advisory, and implicit strategies. The present aimed to define the kinds of discourse strategies, according to Ben Dhafer al-Shahri then analyzes the story of Yusuf - Peace Be upon Him - and among tale characters through analyzing the discourse strategies. The main findings of this thesis is that among the discourse strategies, solidarity and then persuasive strategy have been used more than any other strategies

Activation of Cyclin-Dependent Kinase 5 Is a Consequence of Cell Death

Cyclin-dependent kinase 5 (Cdk5) is similar to other Cdks but is activated during cell differentiation and cell death rather than cell division. Since activation of Cdk5 has been reported in many situations leading to cell death, we attempted to determine if it was required for any form of cell death. We found that Cdk5 is activated during apoptotic deaths and that the activation can be detected even when the cells continue to secondary necrosis. This activation can occur in the absence of Bim, calpain, or neutral cathepsins. The kinase is typically activated by p25, derived from p35 by calpain-mediated cleavage, but inhibition of calpain does not affect cell death or the activation of Cdk5. Likewise, RNAi-forced suppression of the synthesis of Cdk5 does not affect the incidence or kinetics of cell death. We conclude that Cdk5 is activated as a consequence of metabolic changes that are common to many forms of cell death. Thus its activation suggests processes during cell death that will be interesting or important to understand, but activation of Cdk5 is not necessary for cells to die

Comparison the frequency of dry eye syndrome in patients with newly diagnosed rheumatoid arthritis with healthly people in Zahedan

زمینه و هدف: از شایع ترین تظاهرات درگیری چشم، سندرم چشم خشک می باشد. سندرم چشم خشک باعث افزایش خطر عفونت چشم و اختلال در میزان دقت بینایی می گردد. مطالعات مختلف نتایج متفاوتی در خصوص شیوع آرتریت روماتویید و سندرم چشم خشک نشان داده اند. به نظر می رسد یکی از علل تفاوت شیوع سندرم چشم خشک در مطالعات مختلف، تفاوت آب و هوایی در مناطق مورد مطالعه باشد. هدف از این مطالعه، بررسی میزان شیوع خشکی چشم در بیماران مبتلا به آرتریت روماتویید در مناطق با آب و هوای گرم و خشک در مقایسه با افراد سالم و همچنین بررسی میزان شیوع سندرم چشم خشک در مبتلایان به آرتریت روماتویید تازه تشخیص داده شده می باشد. روش بررسی: در این مطالعه مورد-شاهدی،60 نفر از مبتلایان به آرتریت روماتویید و 60 نفر از افراد سالم که از نظر سن و جنس همسان سازی شده بودند وارد مطالعه شدند و در آنها علاوه بر شرح حال و علایم بالینی تست های شیرمر، منیسک اشک، فلورسین و شکست اشک بررسی شد. در بیمارانی که یکی یا بیشتر از این تست ها مثبت بود، تشخیص سندرم چشم خشک داده می شد. داده ها با استفاده از آزمون آماری کای اسکوئر مورد تجزیه و تحلیل قرار گرفتند. یافته‌ها :از 60 نفر مبتلا به آرتریت روماتویید 32 نفر (53) مبتلا به سندرم چشم خشک قطعی و 15 نفر (25) مبتلا به سندرم چشم خشک احتمالی بودند و در گروه کنترل 6 نفر (10) سندرم چشم خشک داشتند بین دو گروه بیمار و کنترل از نظر وجود سندرم چشم خشک قطعی اختلاف آماری معنی داری وجود داشت (001/0

A social work study on different entrepreneurship opportunities

Entrepreneurs are big potentials for developing economy in any countries. They provide new job opportunities and help economy boost. There are literally many industries, which rely on new these people and they are considered as the primary source of generating new jobs. In this paper, we discuss three entrepreneurship opportunities including universities, technical and vocational centers and women. Universities are able to educate highly skilled people and send them to business and they are able to create new ideas. Technical and vocational centers are, in fact, the best place for training basic or recent advances in technological skills through short term or long term planning. The survey also indicates that women can be considered as a good source of job creation. In this paper, we review the recent related literature on entrepreneurship opportunities in the world and discuss some of the related issues more specifically in Iran

The job creation potential of the Information and Communication Technology sector: The case of Iran

Abstract. This article examines the Information and Communication Technology (ICT) job creation in Iran's economy. The results show that this sector has low job creation coefficient among 23 economic sectors. Therefore, considering the importance of ICT, policymakers should make appropriate decisions to increase linkages between ICT and other economic sectors to improve its performance in the economy

Vitamin D deficiency prevalence in summer compared to winter in a city with high humidity and a sultry climate

Background: Vitamin D deficiency is high in winter because of reduced exposure to sunlight. It seems that in places with high humidity and a sultry climate, exposure to sunlight in summer can be low too. This study was designed to determine the vitamin D deficiency prevalence in Sari, a city with a high humidity climate at the end of summer, and compare it to winter. Material and methods: This cross-sectional study was carried out on men and women aged 10 to 70. Clustered blood samples were received from 351 subjects who participated in this study toward the end of summer, and in winter. The levels of serum vitamin D, calcium, phosphorus, alkaline phosphatase and PTH were measured. T test and X2 were used for data analysis. Results: 351subjects (66.4% women, 33.6% men) aged 11 to 69 (mean age &#177; SD 37.11 &#177; 12.6) participated in the study. The mean 25-(OH) D concentration in summer was 13.41 &#177; 13, and in winter it was 11.7 &#177; 11, and the difference was statistically significant (p < 0.02). The prevalence of 25-OHvitamin D deficiency was 87.5% (307) in winter and 78.6% (276) in summer (p < 0.05). Conclusion: This study shows that although in this area with a high humidity climate, seasonal variation of vitamin D is statistically significant, the prevalence of Vitamin D insufficiency is as high in summer as in winter. (Pol J Endocrinol 2011; 62 (3): 249&#8211;251)Background: Vitamin D deficiency is high in winter because of reduced exposure to sunlight. It seems that in places with high humidity and a sultry climate, exposure to sunlight in summer can be low too. This study was designed to determine the vitamin D deficiency prevalence in Sari, a city with a high humidity climate at the end of summer, and compare it to winter. Material and methods: This cross-sectional study was carried out on men and women aged 10 to 70. Clustered blood samples were received from 351 subjects who participated in this study toward the end of summer, and in winter. The levels of serum vitamin D, calcium, phosphorus, alkaline phosphatase and PTH were measured. T test and X2 were used for data analysis. Results: 351subjects (66.4% women, 33.6% men) aged 11 to 69 (mean age &#177; SD 37.11 &#177; 12.6) participated in the study. The mean 25-(OH) D concentration in summer was 13.41 &#177; 13, and in winter it was 11.7 &#177; 11, and the difference was statistically significant (p < 0.02). The prevalence of 25-OHvitamin D deficiency was 87.5% (307) in winter and 78.6% (276) in summer (p < 0.05). Conclusion: This study shows that although in this area with a high humidity climate, seasonal variation of vitamin D is statistically significant, the prevalence of Vitamin D insufficiency is as high in summer as in winter. (Pol J Endocrinol 2011; 62 (3): 249&#8211;251