The real exchange rate of an oil exporting economy: Empirical evidence from Nigeria

In this study the long-run relationship between real oil price, real effective exchange rate and productivity differentials is examined using annual data for Nigeria over the period 1980 to 2010. We aim to investigate whether oil price fluctuations and productivity differentials affect the real effective exchange rate. The empirical results suggest that whereas real oil price exercise a significant positive effect on the real exchange rate in the long run. Productivity differentials exercise a significant negative influence on the real exchange rate. The study noted that, the real exchange rate appreciation of 2000-2010 was driven by oil prices. The findings of this study have important implications for exchange rate policy and are relevant to many developing economies where oil exports constitute a significant share of their exports.Exchange rate, oil price, Nigerian economy

Exploring oil price – exchange rate nexus for Nigeria

This paper investigates the oil price – exchange rate nexus for Nigeria during the period 2007-2010 using daily data. The generalised autoregressive conditional heteroscedasticity (GARCH) and exponential GARCH (EGARCH) models are employed to examine the impact of oil price changes on the nominal exchange rate .The outcome of this research indicates that a rise in oil prices leads to a depreciation of the Nigerian Naira vis-à-vis the US dollar over the study period.Exchange rate, oil price, Nigeria, GARCH/EGARCH

Urban planning in Saudi Arabia with special reference to the Nitag Omrani Programme.

SIGLEAvailable from British Library Document Supply Centre-DSC:DX190372 / BLDSC - British Library Document Supply CentreGBUnited Kingdo

Metal‐to‐Metal Distance Modulation by Ligand Design: A Case Study of Structure‐Property Correlation in Planar Chiral Cyclophanyl Metal Complexes

Multinuclear metal complexes have seen tremendous progress in synthetic advances, their versatile structural features, and emerging applications. Here, we conceptualize Metal-to-Metal distance modulation in cyclophanyl metal complexes by bridging ligand design employing the co-facially stacked cyclophanyl-derived pseudo-geminal, -ortho, -meta, and -para constitutional isomers grafted with N-, O-, and P- containing chelates that allow the installation of diverse (hetero)metallic moieties in a distance-defined and spatially-oriented relation to one another. Metal-to-Metal distance modulation and innate transannular “through-space” π–π electronic interactions via the co-facially stacked benzene rings in cyclophanyl-derived complexes as well as their specific stereochemical structural features (element of planar chirality) are crucial factors that contribute to the tuning of structure-property relationships, which stand at the very center from the perspective of cooperative effects in catalysis as well as emerging material applications

The real exchange rate of an oil exporting economy: Empirical evidence from Nigeria

In this study the long-run relationship between real oil price, real effective exchange rate and productivity differentials is examined using annual data for Nigeria over the period 1980 to 2010. We aim to investigate whether oil price fluctuations and productivity differentials affect the real effective exchange rate. The empirical results suggest that whereas real oil price exercise a significant positive effect on the real exchange rate in the long run. Productivity differentials exercise a significant negative influence on the real exchange rate. The study noted that, the real exchange rate appreciation of 2000-2010 was driven by oil prices. The findings of this study have important implications for exchange rate policy and are relevant to many developing economies where oil exports constitute a significant share of their exports

Synthetic Studies of Benzodithiophenes, Benzodithiazoles, Benzopyranones and Chemoselective Palladium(0)-Catalyzed Cross Coupling Reactions of Brominated Naphthalenes, Benzothiophenes and Naphthaquinones

This PhD dissertation includes the synthetic studies of novel heterocycles like benzodithiophenes, benzodithiazoles and benzothieno-chromenones. A comprehensive protocol for such oxidative reactions and mechanistic studies of their cyclization pattern were undertaken. Furthermore, Pd(0) catalyzed chemoselective coupling reactions of brominated benzothiophenes, naphthalenes and naphthaquinones afforded a variety of mono, di and polyarenes. These reactions generally proceed with excellent chemoselectivity in favour of bromide group (Br > OTf) in all cases

Optimal Planning of PV and Battery Resources in Remote Microgrids Considering Degradation Costs: An Iterative Post-Optimization Correction-based Approach

The benefits of shifting to renewable energy sources have granted microgrids considerable attention, especially photovoltaic (PV) systems. However, given the inherent variable and intermittent nature of solar power, battery energy storage systems (BESS) are pivotal for a reliable and cost-effective microgrid. The optimal sizing and energy scheduling of PV and BESS pose significant importance for minimal investment and operational cost. The associated costs of degradation for both these sources further add complexity to the overall planning problem. This paper proposes a microgrid resource planning model for determining the optimal PV and BESS sizes in combination with natural gas generators, considering their technical and financial characteristics as well as the degradation costs of both PV and BESS. Its objective is to minimize the microgrid-wide total operational and capital cost. The optimization model is formulated using mixed-integer linear programming to ensure the resource sizing problem converges with a reasonably small optimality gap. In addition, an iterative post-optimization BESS degradation cost correction algorithm is proposed for enhanced accuracy. The results showcase the savings in the overall objective cost and reductions in solar energy curtailment upon BESS's inclusion

Blending Old and New Teaching Methods and Tools in Medical Education

OBJECTIVES To identify a preference for current teaching methods and use new teaching aids through feedback by medical students and teachers of first and second-year MBBS. METHODOLOGY This cross-sectional study was conducted on 91 MBBS students and teachers of Nowshera Medical College (NMC), Nowshera. Both male and female students and teachers of NMC of class first and second-year MBBS participated in the study. A feedback proforma-based questionnaire was filled out by all the participants online using Google forms. Participants were given the option to select more than one option in the case of the mode of teaching and tool of teaching. The data was collected, analyzed and presented in tabular and graphical forms using SPSS version 23. RESULTS Out of the 91 participants who responded to our research, 45 (49.5%) were males, and 46(50.5%) were female. The majority, 74 (81.3%), were MBBS students, while 17(18.7%) were MBBS teachers. Most of the participants selected more than one option. Most 48(52.7%) of the participants preferred lectures as the mode of delivery while 35(38.4%) opted for SGD, for demonstrations 14(15.3%), PBL 33(36.2%), assignments 13(14.2%0 and notes opted by 4(4.39%). 60.4% (55) were selected to use whiteboards and markers. Only 15.3% (14) were in favour of Powerpoint use, dissection 25(27.4%), models 29(31.86%), and figures 11(12%). CONCLUSION Lectures remain the most preferred teaching method in basic medical sciences among teachers and students, along with other teaching methods. Multiple teaching tools must be used during the class instead of solely depending on Powerpoint presentations

Direction and Destination Pattern of Fresh Oranges Export from Pakistan: A Markov Chain Approach

Current study is an endeavor to examine the behavior of the big five Pakistani oranges importers i.e., Afghanistan, Ka-zakhstan, Russia, the UAE, and Ukraine. For measuring the occurrence probability of a random variable, the Markov chain analysis is applied to the time series data from FY 2013–14 to FY 2019–20 collected from secondary sources. The Markov chain process with the transition probability matrix (TPM), the compound annual growth rate (CAGR), the coefficient of variation, and the Cuddy Della Valle instability index (CDVI) have displayed interesting results. Based on the TPM, the study concludes that, in terms of quantity, Afghanistan and the UAE showed the highest retention levels and remained consistent. However, the CDVI of all the importing nations for the exports of fresh oranges from Pakistan displayed inconsistent export growth. This study demonstrated the significance of Markov chain theory and its application in the Pakistani context for behavioral prediction of importing countries. This study measures the retention behavior of importing countries, and the results showed that Kazakhstan, Russia, and Ukraine are not willing to import fresh oranges from Pakistan in the future. Regulations and directions that can increase fresh oranges production and exports, as well as alternative management strategies and policies to improve fresh oranges exports in Pakistan, are required. &nbsp