Bridges in small basins with intense sediment transport

Majority of the bridge collapses are due to hydraulic reasons. The Italian technical standards of constructions (NTC 2018) provide few indications about the design and verification criteria of bridges with respect to river processes. In the last year, a working group on the ʺHydraulic Compatibility of Bridgesʺ (sites.google.com/view/giiponti) was set up, with the aim of formulating proposals for good practices and guidelines for assessing the bridge hydraulic compatibility, as a basis for both bridge safety and flood risk analysis. The working subgroup on ʺSmall basinsʺ aims to provide analysis tools for small river basins: they have peculiar features, requiring the adoption of appropriate criteria for the analysis of forcing scenarios and safety measures to be implemented for the hydraulic compatibility of river‐crossing bridges. Particular attention should be addressed to climatic variations that, although gradual, can induce strongly non‐linear responses: when certain rainfall thresholds, which were possibly never or rarely reached in the past, are exceeded, extreme events can be triggered (e.g. debris flow, mudflow), exposing the population and the territory to unexpected disasters and calamities. The present manuscript reviews the current best practice for analyzing the hydrologic response, the sediment balance, the flow propagation and the dynamic impact force against bridges in the case of mountain basins, pointing out limitations and possible future developments required in order to develop guidelines for bridge safety assessments and flood risk analysis of the surrounding area

BioTIME:a database of biodiversity time series for the Anthropocene

Abstract Motivation: The BioTIME database contains raw data on species identities and abundances in ecological assemblages through time. These data enable users to calculate temporal trends in biodiversity within and amongst assemblages using a broad range of metrics. BioTIME is being developed as a community‐led open‐source database of biodiversity time series. Our goal is to accelerate and facilitate quantitative analysis of temporal patterns of biodiversity in the Anthropocene. Main types of variables included: The database contains 8,777,413 species abundance records, from assemblages consistently sampled for a minimum of 2 years, which need not necessarily be consecutive. In addition, the database contains metadata relating to sampling methodology and contextual information about each record. Spatial location and grain: BioTIME is a global database of 547,161 unique sampling locations spanning the marine, freshwater and terrestrial realms. Grain size varies across datasets from 0.0000000158 km² (158 cm²) to 100 km² (1,000,000,000,000 cm²). Time period and grain: BioTIME records span from 1874 to 2016. The minimal temporal grain across all datasets in BioTIME is a year. Major taxa and level of measurement: BioTIME includes data from 44,440 species across the plant and animal kingdoms, ranging from plants, plankton and terrestrial invertebrates to small and large vertebrates. Software format: .csv and .SQL

BioTIME : a database of biodiversity time series for the Anthropocene

Motivation: The BioTIME database contains raw data on species identities and abundances in ecological assemblages through time. These data enable users to calculate temporal trends in biodiversity within and amongst assemblages using a broad range of metrics. BioTIME is being developed as a community-led open-source database of biodiversity time series. Our goal is to accelerate and facilitate quantitative analysis of temporal patterns of biodiversity in the Anthropocene. Main types of variables included: The database contains 8,777,413 species abundance records, from assemblages consistently sampled for a minimum of 2 years, which need not necessarily be consecutive. In addition, the database contains metadata relating to sampling methodology and contextual information about each record. Spatial location and grain: BioTIME is a global database of 547,161 unique sampling locations spanning the marine, freshwater and terrestrial realms. Grain size varies across datasets from 0.0000000158 km (158 cm) to 100 km (1,000,000,000,000 cm). Time period and grain: BioTIME records span from 1874 to 2016. The minimal temporal grain across all datasets in BioTIME is a year. Major taxa and level of measurement: BioTIME includes data from 44,440 species across the plant and animal kingdoms, ranging from plants, plankton and terrestrial invertebrates to small and large vertebrates. Software format:.csv and.SQL

Comparative Studies on the Effects of Various Combined-Chemotherapy in the Experimental Tuberculosis

この論文は国立情報学研究所の学術雑誌公開支援事業により電子化されました。海の実験的前眼部結核症を対象として, 30週間にわたつてSM-PAS, INH-SI, INH-PZA, INH-PASの2者併用療法を施行し順序を交替して投与したのと, 終始一貫, SM-INH週2日-PAS毎日の3者併用療法を施行し, その効果を比較検討したことに就いては既に報告したが, 本篇においては各臓器の定量培養により検出された結核菌に就いて, SM, PAS及びINHに対する耐性検査を行なつた。其の結果2者併用療法を交替させた群では耐性の発現は軽度であつた。しかしSM-PAS⟶INH-PASと言う風にPASを終始使用した例では, 主剤を交替しても比較的耐性の発現は高度であつた。3者併用(S_2I_2P毎)を行なつた群ではその中間の成績であつた。併しINHに対する耐性獲得はすべての治療群に殆んど認める事が出来なかつた