Plesni i mikotoksini u uskladištenom kukuruzu

In this study the presence of moulds and mycotoxins in samples of stored maize grains in the period from October 2011 to September 2012 was investigated. Mycological analyses of whole and broken grains showed the presence of species from the genera Alternaria, Aspergillus, Fusarium, Penicillium, Rhizopus and others. Among the Aspergillus and Fusarium genera as potentially toxigenic fungi, Aspergillus flavus was identified with the highest percentage on broken grains (20.38%) whereas F. verticilioides was the predominant species in the whole maize grains (34.04%). In addition, it was obtained that tested samples of stored maize grains were 100% positive with aflatoxin B1 (AFB1), zearalenone (ZON), deoxynivalenol (DON) and fumonisin B1 (FB1) with an average concentration of 1.39 μg kg-1, 71.79 μg kg-1, 128.17 μg kg-1, and 1610.83 μg kg-1, respectively. A significant positive correlation was found between the moisture content and the presence of Fusarium spp. on the broken grains (r = 0.44) and between the moisture content and the concentration of DON (r = 0.61). However, a significant negative correlation was found between moisture content and FB1 (r = -0.34), and between the concentration of ZON and DON mycotoxins (r = -0.58).U radu je ispitivano prisustvo plesni i mikotoksina u uzorcima zrna uskladištenog kukuruza u periodu od oktobra 2011. do septembra 2012. godine. Mikološkim analizama celog i slomljenog zrna kukuruza ustanovljeno je prisustvo vrsta iz rodova Alternaria, Aspergillus, Fusarium, Penicillium, Rhizopus i drugih. Od potencijalno toksigenih vrsta iz rodova Aspergillus i Fusarium, identifikovane su u najvećem procentu A. flavus na slomljenom (20,38%) i F. verticillioides na celom zrnu kukuruza (34,04%). Ispitivani uzorci uskladištenog kukuruza bili su 100% pozitivni sa aflatoksinom B1 (AFB1), zearalenonom (ZON), deoksinivalenolom (DON) i fumonizinom B1 (FB1) sa prosečnim koncentracijama 1,39 μg kg-1, 71,79 μg kg-1, 128,17 μg kg-1 i 1610,83 μg kg-1, respektivno. Statistički značajna pozitivna korelacija ustanovljena je između sadržaja vlage i prisustva Fusarium spp. na slomljenom zrnu kukuruza (r = 0,44), kao i između sadržaja vlage i koncentracije DON (r = 0,61). Statistički značajna negativna korelacija ustanovljena je između sadržaja vlage i FB1 (r = -0,34), kao i između koncentracija ZON i DON mikotoksina (r = -0,58)

Fusarium infekcija i deoksinivalenol kontaminacija ozime pšenice

In this paper, the incidence of Fusarium-infected grain of winter wheat and the content of mycotoxin deoxynivalenol (DON) was studied in two Serbian cultivars Simonida and NS40S, both harvested in 2014. The level of Fusarium contamination of wheat grain was determined using phytopathological techniques based on the standard methodology while DON was detected by enzyme-linked immuno-sorbent assay (ELISA). The incidence of Fusarium-infected grain ranged from 12 to 19% for Simonida and NS40S, respectively. Fusarium graminearum, as well-known producer of DON mycotoxin, was identified among Fusarium species. In addition, Alternaria spp. was isolated in high percentage, with an average incidence of 53% (Simonida) to 63% (NS40S).The average content of DON ranged from 424 μg kg-1 to 1101 μg kg-1 for Simonida and NS40S cultivars, respectively. Statistically insignificant negative correlation (r = - 0.18) was determined between Fusariuminfected grain and DON in the cultivar Simonida and statistically insignificant positive correlation (r = 0.11) in the cultivar NS40S. The mean levels of DON in studied wheat samples of both tested cultivars were not higher than the maximum permitted limit (1250 μg kg-1) although the level of Fusarium-infected grain of both cultivars was relatively high. These results indicate that both wheat cultivars are susceptible to Fusarium infection and DON mycotoxin production in agro-ecological conditions of Serbia, but the cultivar NS40S being more susceptible compared to cultivar Simonida. In view of all stated above, regular health check of grains and developing strategies for integrated monitoring of incidence of Fusarium head blight are necessary preventive measures in protection of winter wheat.U radu je proučavana incidenca Fusarium-zaraženih zrna ozime pšenice iz žetve 2014. godine kod dve domaće komercijalne sorte Simonida i NS40S, kao i sadržaj mikotoksina deoksinivalenola (DON). Nivo fuzariozne kontaminacije zrna pšenice određen je primenom fitopatoloških testova standardne metodologije a DON je detektovan primenom imunoadsorpcione enzimske metode (ELISA). Incidenca Fusarium-zaraženih zrna bila je u proseku za sve ispitivane uzorke od 12% (Simonida) do 19% (NS40S). Od Fusarium vrsta identifikovana je jedino Fusarium graminearum, kao dobro poznati producent DON mikotoksina. Pored ove gljivične vrste, u visokom procentu izolovana je Alternaria spp. sa prosečnom incidencom od 53% (Simonida) do 63% (NS40S). U ispitivanim uzorcima pšenice prosečan sadržaj DON bio je od 424 μg kg-1 (Simonida) do 1101 μg kg-1 (NS40S). Između Fusarium-zaraženih zrna i DON utvrđena je statistički neznačajna negativna korelacija (r = - 0.18) kod sorte Simonida i statistički neznačajna pozitivna korelacija (r = 0.11) kod sorte NS40S. Prosečne koncentracije DON u ispitivanim uzorcima pšenice kod obe ispitivane sorte nisu bile iznad maksimalno dozvoljenog limita iako je nivo fuzariozne kontaminacije zrna obe ispitivane sorte bio visok. Ovi rezultati ukazuju da su obe ispitivane sorte pšenice osetljive prema fuzarioznoj infekciji i produkciji DON mikotoksina u agroekološkim uslovima Srbije, s tim što je sorta NS40S osetljivija u odnosu na sortu Simonida. Zbog svega navedenog, redovna zdravstvena kontrola zrna i razvijanje strategije integralnog monitoringa fuzarioze klasa neophodne su preventivne mere borbe u zaštiti pšenice

Prirodna mikobiota i prisustvo aflatoksina B1 u polenu prikupljenom u Srbiji

Total fungal count, incidence of fungi and aflatoxin B1 (AFB1) concentration were studied in 33 samples of bee pollen randomly collected from beekeepers in Serbia. The total number of fungi was determined by dilution method whereas AFB1 was detected using the Enzyme-Linked Immuno-Sorbent Assay (ELISA). The mycological estimation showed the presence of nine genera of fungi as followed: Acremonium, Alternaría, Aspergillus, Cladosporium, Epiccocum, Fusarium, Mucor, Pénicillium and Rhizopus, with total number ranging from 1 x 103 to 1 x 105 CFU g-1. The results have shown the predominance of the fungi from the genera Aspergillus and Alternaria. Among Aspergillus species it was observed that the most frequent species was A. flavus with incidence of 27.27 %. Mycotoxin AFB1 was detected as 100% positive in all samples (100%) with an average concentration of 8.61 μg kg-1. The obtained results indicated that honey bee pollen must be strictly controlled during its manipulation in the harvesting and manufacturing. Therefore, the implementation of good manufacturing (beekeeping) practice to define procedures for honeybee products could be crucial to reduce the risk of possible contamination and provide natural and safety product without risk on the human health.Ukupan broj gljiva, učestalost (incidenca) gljiva i koncentracija aflatoksina B1 (AFB1) ispitivani su u 33 uzoraka polena sakupljenih od pčelara iz različitih regiona u Srbiji. Ukupan broj gljiva određen je primenom metode razređenja a AFB1 je određen primenom imunoadsorpcione enzimske metode (ELISA). Mikološkim ispitivanjima identifikovano je devet rodova gljiva: Acremonium, Alternaria, Aspergillus, Cladosporium, Epiccocum, Fusarium, Mucor, Penicillium i Rhizopus, sa ukupnim brojem od 1 x 103 to 1 x 105 CFU g-1. Najučestalije vrste gljiva su u rodovima Aspergillus i Alternaria. Među Aspergillus vrstama najučestalija je vrsta A. flavus sa incidencom od 27,27%. AFB1 je detektovan u svim uzorcima sa prosečnom koncentracijom od 8,61 μg kg-1. Dobijeni rezultati ukazuju da pčelarski polen mora biti strogo kontrolisan tokom prikupljanja i njegove dalje prerade. Zbog toga, sprovođenje dobre proizvođačke (pčelarske) prakse podrazumeva definisanje procedura za pčelarske proizvode što bi moglo biti presudno za smanjenje rizika od moguće kontaminacije i dobijanje prirodnih i bezbednih proizvoda bez rizika po zdravlje ljudi

Low coordinate magnesium sulfide and selenide complexes

Funding: Authors thank the University of St Andrews and the EPSRC doctoral training grant (EP/N509759/1) for support. We gratefully acknowledge computational support via the EaStCHEM Research Computing Facility.The reactions of [{(iPrDipNacNac)Mg}2] 1 (iPrDipnacnac = HC(iPrCNDip)2) with Ph3P═O at 100 °C afforded the phosphinate complex [(iPrDipNacNac)Mg(OPPh3)(OPPh2)] 3 . Reactions of 1 with Ph3P═E (E = S, Se) proceeded rapidly at room temperature to low-coordinate chalcogenide complexes [{(iPrDipNacNac)Mg}2(μ-S)] 4 and [{(iPrDipNacNac)Mg}2(μ-Se)] 5 , respectively. Similarly, reactions of RNHC═S ((MeCNR)2C═S with R = Me, Et, or iPr) with 1 afforded NHC adducts of magnesium sulfide complexes, [{(iPrDipNacNac)Mg(RNHC)}(μ-S){Mg(iPrDipNacNac)}] 6 , that could alternatively be obtained by adding the appropriate RNHC to sulfide complex 4 . Complex 4 reacted with 1-adamantylazide (AdN3) to give [{(iPrDipNacNac)Mg}2(μ-SN3Ad)] 7 and can form various simple donor adducts in solution, of which [(iPrDipNacNac)Mg(OAd)}2(μ-S)] 8a (OAd = 2-adamantanone) was structurally characterized. The nature of the ionic Mg–E–Mg unit is described by solution and solid-state studies of the complexes and by DFT computational investigations.Publisher PDFPeer reviewe

Kultivacija matičnih i progenitorskih ćelija hematopoeze iz kostne srži hrčka

Hamster, a hibernating animal, is an important experimental model in research on the influence of hypothermia on different physiological processes. A simple procedure for cultivation and identification of hamster hematopoetic stem cells (HSC) and hematopoetic progenitor cells (HPC) is a premise for a successful investigation upon hypothermia effects on hematopoiesis. The aim of this work was to evaluate the utilization of commercially available methylcellulose media (MC) and recombinant mouse and human cytokines for hamster HSC and HPC assays, in order to enable further studies on these cells. Hamster bone marrow mononuclear cells (BMMNC) were plated in MC containing cytokines that support mouse or human HPC growth. Also, BMMNC were resuspended in cytokine supplemented liquid media and incubated for 5 weeks with a four day monitoring of viable cell number. We demonstrated that hamster hematopoietic progenitor cells committed for erythroid lineage and myeloid lineage successfully formed recognizable colonies in both mouse and human MC, while multipotent progenitor cells formed colonies only in mouse MC. We also defined conditions for the evaluation of hamster HSC activity in liquid cultures, based on continuous 5 weeks HSC proliferation. The obtained results verify the utilization of mouse specific MC for further research on hamster HPC biology during hypothermia.Fiziološka hibernacija u koju hrčci ulaze prilikom izlaganja niskim temperaturama, čini ove životinje zanimljivim eksperimentalnim modelom za ispitivanje hematopoeze u uslovima hipotermije. Preduslov za ovo ispitivanje je postojanje jednostavne metode za kultivaciju i identifikaciju hematopoetskih ćelija hrčka. Cilj ovog rada je bio da se ispita mogućnost kultivacije progenitorskih ćelija hematopoeze hrčka u kompletnoj metil celulozi dizajniranoj za kultivaciju mišijih i humanih hematopoetskih ćelija, kao i da se odrede optimalni uslovi za kultivaciju matičnih ćelija hematopoeze hrčka u tečnoj kulturi. Mononuklearne ćelije kostne srži hrčka su posađene u metil celulozu i u tečnu kulturu. Oba medijuma su sadržala kombinacije rekombinantnih mišijih i/ili humanih citokina. Kolonije progenitorskih ćelija opredeljenih za mijelopoezu i opredeljenih za eritropoezu su se formirale u metil celulozi dizajniranoj za kultivaciju mišijih i humanih hematopoetskih ćelija, dok su se primitivnije kolonije sastavljene od oba tipa ćelija (mijeloidna i eritrocitna loza) formirale samo u metil celulozi dizajniranoj za kultivaciju mišijih hematopoetskih ćelija. Osim toga, populacija matičnih ćelija hematopoeze hrčka je proliferisala u tečnim kulturama tokom 5 nedelja bez znakova opadanja proliferativnog potencijala. Ova istraživanja pokazuju da se primenjene metode mogu uspešno koristiti za ispitivanje hematopoeze kod hrčka

Determination of toxic elements (mercury, cadmium, lead and arsenic) in shellfish samples

Morski plodovi imaju visoku nutritivnu vrednost, ali sa druge strane postoji rizik od kontaminacije toksičnim elementima. Sadržaj As, Cd, Hg i Pb je određen u četiri vrste školjki Ruditapes philippinarum (Manila clam, MC), Yesso scallop (YS), Tegillarca granosa (TG) i Anadara broughtonii (AB) kupljene u Incheonu, Koreja. Uzorci su analizirani induktivno spregnutom plazmom - masenom spektrometrijom (ICP-MS) nakon mikrotalasne digestije. Izračunati su dnevni/nedeljni unosi za ove elemente u mg/300 g uzorka. Ukupan sadržaj As (neoganski i organski) u svim vrstama je bio veći od dozvoljenog limita preporučenog od Svetske zdravstvene organizacije (WHO). Procenjeni dnevni unosi ostalih elemenata (Hg, Cd i Pb) su niži od maksimalnih podnošljivih granica (MDI) koje je odredila Evropska agencija za bezbednost hrane (EFSA) što ukazuje da nema rizika za konzumente.Bivalve molluscs, which include mussels, oysters and clams, have high nutritional value. On the other hand, seafood may also contain harmful contaminants and other undesirable substances such as mercury and persistent halogenated compounds. Four species of bivalve molluscs Ruditapes philippinarum (Manila clam, MC), Yesso scallop (YS), Tegillarca granosa (TG) and Anadara broughtonii (AB) were bought in Incheon, Korea, in order to determine content of As, Cd, Hg, and Pb and consequently, to estimate the health hazards associated to dietary intake. The samples were analyzed by inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS) after microwave digestion. All species showed As content higher than the maximum tolerable limit specified by EFSA. Estimated daily intake of Hg, Cd and Pb from consumption of 300 g was very low and hence poses no toxicological risk

Chemometric characterization of sellfish according to their element composition

Cilj ove studije je klasifikacija biološki različitih vrsta školjki na osnovu sadržaja esencijalnih elemenata primenom hemometrije. Sadržaj esencijalnih elemenata kao što su Co, Cr, Cu, Mn, Ni, Se, Zn, i Fe je određen u četiri biološki različite vrste školjki Ruditapes philippinarum (Manila clam, MC), Yesso scallop (YS), Tegillarca granosa (TG) i Anadara brоughtonii (AB). Analizitani uzorci su kupljeni u Incheonu, Koreja. Sadržaj esenicjalnih elemenata je određen primenom induktivno spregnute plazme kuplovane sa masenom spektrometrijom (ICP-MS) nakon mikrotalasne digestije. Hemometrijske tehnike pokazuju grupisanje ispitivanih uzoraka školjki prema sadržaju esencijalnih elemenata i identifikuju elemente najvažnije za klasifikaciju.The main aim of current study was classification of four biologically different sellfish species such as bivalve molluscs Ruditapes philippinarum (Manila clam, MC), Yesso scallop (YS), Tegillarca granosa (TG) and Anadara broughtonii (AB) bought in the Incheon, South Korea. Content of essencial ellements such as Co, Cr, Cu, Mn, Ni, Se, Zn, and Fe were determined by using inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS) after closed-vessel microwave digestion. Chemometrics techniques showed classification of sellfish smaples based on biological species and identified elements most important for classification

Recovery from Posttraumatic Stress Symptoms: A Qualitative Study of Attributions in Survivors of War

This study was funded by a grant from the European Commission, contract number INCO-CT-2004-50917

Chemometric characterization of sellfish according to their element composition

Cilj ove studije je klasifikacija biološki različitih vrsta školjki na osnovu sadržaja esencijalnih elemenata primenom hemometrije. Sadržaj esencijalnih elemenata kao što su Co, Cr, Cu, Mn, Ni, Se, Zn, i Fe je određen u četiri biološki različite vrste školjki Ruditapes philippinarum (Manila clam, MC), Yesso scallop (YS), Tegillarca granosa (TG) i Anadara brоughtonii (AB). Analizitani uzorci su kupljeni u Incheonu, Koreja. Sadržaj esenicjalnih elemenata je određen primenom induktivno spregnute plazme kuplovane sa masenom spektrometrijom (ICP-MS) nakon mikrotalasne digestije. Hemometrijske tehnike pokazuju grupisanje ispitivanih uzoraka školjki prema sadržaju esencijalnih elemenata i identifikuju elemente najvažnije za klasifikaciju.The main aim of current study was classification of four biologically different sellfish species such as bivalve molluscs Ruditapes philippinarum (Manila clam, MC), Yesso scallop (YS), Tegillarca granosa (TG) and Anadara broughtonii (AB) bought in the Incheon, South Korea. Content of essencial ellements such as Co, Cr, Cu, Mn, Ni, Se, Zn, and Fe were determined by using inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS) after closed-vessel microwave digestion. Chemometrics techniques showed classification of sellfish smaples based on biological species and identified elements most important for classification