Gender equality in land ownership as a strategy for poverty reduction in Tanzania: A case of Ilala Municipal in Dar Es Salaam City.

Gender equality and the empowerment of women are widely recognized as key dimensions of human progress. Many women are still discriminated upon and denied their rights to land. The aim of this study was to identify causes for gender inequality in land ownership and also to examine the women’s accessibility to land resource towards poverty reduction in Tanzania. A sample of 50 respondents was drawn to gather field information relevant to this study through interviews, questionnaires and observations. However, literature materials were used in order to accomplish this research. This research revealed that, gender inequality in land ownership is mainly caused by traditions and customs which promote and perpetuate patriarchal system. Also it was found that, women who owned land were able to run agricultural activities, build houses and rent to other people thereby provide with them a means to sustain their livelihood. It is recommended that, the Government should continue with its efforts of educating and encouraging women to attend different trainings whereby they can be able to understand different rights like land ownership right. Through attending trainings, women will also have the ability to understand their rights. It should also undertake various reforms to laws, particularly customary law in order to eliminate gender inequality in land rights. Men should be educated and well sensitized on gender equality in land ownership. The reason is that equality in land ownership will enable women to be independent and change the current situation whereby women depend on men. Hence this will be the solution to poverty reduction. Key words: Gender, Gender equality, Access to, Land ownership, Patriarchal system, Vulnerabilit

Cohort Profile: Burden of Obstructive Lung Disease (BOLD) study

The Burden of Obstructive Lung Disease (BOLD) study was established to assess the prevalence of chronic airflow obstruction, a key characteristic of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, and its risk factors in adults (≥40 years) from general populations across the world. The baseline study was conducted between 2003 and 2016, in 41 sites across Africa, Asia, Europe, North America, the Caribbean and Oceania, and collected high-quality pre- and post-bronchodilator spirometry from 28 828 participants. The follow-up study was conducted between 2019 and 2021, in 18 sites across Africa, Asia, Europe and the Caribbean. At baseline, there were in these sites 12 502 participants with high-quality spirometry. A total of 6452 were followed up, with 5936 completing the study core questionnaire. Of these, 4044 also provided high-quality pre- and post-bronchodilator spirometry. On both occasions, the core questionnaire covered information on respiratory symptoms, doctor diagnoses, health care use, medication use and ealth status, as well as potential risk factors. Information on occupation, environmental exposures and diet was also collected

Estimated quality-adjusted life expectancy.

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Adjusted risk factors for death from non-lung cancer causes for patients with locoregional NSCLC treated with lobectomy and no adjuvant chemotherapy (n = 7,852).

Adjusted risk factors for death from non-lung cancer causes for patients with locoregional NSCLC treated with lobectomy and no adjuvant chemotherapy (n = 7,852).</p

Sensitivity analyses- chemotherapy mortality.

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Adjusted risk factors of major adjuvant chemotherapy complications in lobectomy patients who underwent adjuvant chemotherapy (n = 2,301).

Adjusted risk factors of major adjuvant chemotherapy complications in lobectomy patients who underwent adjuvant chemotherapy (n = 2,301).</p

Estimated 5-year survival rates.

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