Building blocks of a silicon photonic integrated wavelength division multiplexing transmitter for detector instrumentation = Bausteine für einen integrierten siliziumphotonischen Wellenlängenmultiplexsender zur Detektorinstrumentierung

In dieser Arbeit werden Datenübertragungssysteme für die Detektorinstrumentierung und die Herausforderungen dieser einzigartigen Anwendung untersucht. Begrenzt durch die hohe Strahlungsintensität, den verfügbaren Platz, niedrige Temperaturen usw., liegt die Auslesebandbreite von Detektoren nach dem derzeitigen Stand der Technik im Bereich von einigen zehn Gb/s pro Faser. Angesichts des ständig wachsenden Datenvolumens ist die Verbesserung der Übertragungsbandbreite ein dringend zu lösendes Problem. Daher wird in dieser Arbeit ein universell einsetzbares Konzept für einen integrierten, siliziumphotonischen Sender auf Basis der Wellenlängenmultiplex-Technologie vorgeschlagen. Die angestrebte Übertragungsbandbreite in der ersten Version beträgt 40 Gb/s. Zwei Schlüsselbausteine des integrierten Senders, der Mach-Zehnder-Modulator und der Wellenlängen-Demultiplexer, werden im Detail untersucht. Eine Reihe von Modulatoren mit unterschiedlichen Längen und Ätztiefen werden entworfen, hergestellt und charakterisiert. Für den Entwurf des Demultiplexers wird eine angepasste Entwurfsmethode entwickelt, die mit zwei dedizierten Brennpunkten arbeitet. Ein neuer Entwurfsparameter wird in diese Methode eingeführt, um sie flexibler und leichter anwendbar zu machen. Die Auswirkung der Modifizierung des eingeführten Parameters wird anhand einer Reihe vergleichbarer Bauelemente untersucht. Alle Charakterisierungen bestätigen die Machbarkeit des vorgeschlagenen Konzepts

Magnetic shield of PMT used in DAMPE electromagnetic calorimeter

The magnetic characteristics of photomultiplier tube R5610A-01 are studied in this paper. The experimental data shows that the gain of R5610A-01 loses about 53% when the magnetic field is 3G along its +X axis. A cylinder of one-layer permalloy strip is able to reduce the effect of 3G magnetic field on the PMT's gain to less than 1%.Comment: 4 pages, 6 figures, accepted by Chinese Physics

Research on the relationship of institutional innovation, organizational learning and synergistic effect: an empirical study of chineses university spin-offs

Purpose: At present, the Central Government of China pays more attention to the synergistic innovation, and the national strategy policy of “innovation driven development” are made to implementations. Thus, the university plays an important role in the national innovation system, so that how the university gets involved in innovative activities becomes the primary problem of innovation strategy. This paper utilizes Chinese university spin-offs survey data to identify the influence process from institutional innovation and organizational learning to synergistic effect of organization. Design/methodology/approach: Firstly, we found that following the procedural view, each one of these three elements can be divided into two parts. Then, we established structural equation modeling with the connections between these six subdivisions. Secondly, by taking 270 university Spin-offs in China as samples, we verified the fit of the model through statistical data on the questionnaire survey. Thirdly, we analyzed the relationship and influence path of the institutional innovation, organizational learning and synergistic effect. Findings: The results of empirical research show that institutional implementation process is positive correlation on both sides of synergistic effect, and, the intermediary role is obvious that external organizational learning played a regulatory role between institutional innovation synergistic effects. Research limitations/implications: A large-scale questionnaire survey showed that the influence path of “institutions -organization-innovation performance" are existed. Therefore, the system analysis framework should be introduced to the emergence and development of University spin-offs, and further explored the synergistic process of institutional change and organizational evolution. Practical implications: University spin-offs are a mode of university - industry cooperation, and it takes participation in market competition also as enterprise. This result of study pointed that. “Institutions” and “organizations” are the two important factors in synergistic innovation, so the synergy mechanism design should be followed by the interaction relationship between these two above. Originality/value: Synergistic innovation is the guidance theory which leads the development trend of university-industrial cooperation in China. In this paper, the "institution" and "organization", as the two primary elements, are introduced to analyze the process of synergistic innovation. Then, the authors discussed the role of the "institutional innovation" and "organizational learning" in the process of synergistic innovation, aimed at study on the operational mechanism of the influence factors.Peer Reviewe

A Study on Nonthermal Irreversible Electroporation of the Thyroid.

BackgroundNonthermal irreversible electroporation is a minimally invasive surgery technology that employs high and brief electric fields to ablate undesirable tissues. Nonthermal irreversible electroporation can ablate only cells while preserving intact functional properties of the extracellular structures. Therefore, nonthermal irreversible electroporation can be used to ablate tissues safely near large blood vessels, the esophagus, or nerves. This suggests that it could be used for thyroid ablation abutting the esophagus. This study examines the feasibility of using nonthermal irreversible electroporation for thyroid ablation.MethodsRats were used to evaluate the effects of nonthermal irreversible electroporation on the thyroid. The procedure entails the delivery of high electric field pulses (1-3 kV/cm, 100 microseconds) between 2 surface electrodes bracing the thyroid. The right lobe was treated with various nonthermal irreversible electroporation pulse sequences, and the left was the control. After 24 hours of the nonthermal irreversible electroporation treatment, the thyroid was examined with hemotoxylin and eosin histological analysis. Mathematical models of electric fields and the Joule heating-induced temperature raise in the thyroid were developed to examine the experimental results.ResultsTreatment with nonthermal irreversible electroporation leads to follicular cells damage, associated with cell swelling, inflammatory cell infiltration, and cell ablation. Nonthermal irreversible electroporation spares the trachea structure. Unusually high electric fields, for these types of tissue, 3000 V/cm, are needed for thyroid ablation. The mathematical model suggests that this may be related to the heterogeneous structure of the thyroid-induced distortion of local electric fields. Moreover, most of the tissue does not experience thermal damage inducing temperature elevation. However, the heterogeneous structure of the thyroid may cause local hot spots with the potential for local thermal damage.ConclusionNonthermal irreversible electroporation with 3000 V/cm can be used for thyroid ablation. Possible applications are treatment of hyperthyroidism and thyroid cancer. The highly heterogeneous structure of the thyroid distorts the electric fields and temperature distribution in the thyroid must be considered when designing treatment protocols for this tissue type

Methodologies to Predict Service Lives of Pavement Marking Materials

This study focuses on developing methodologies to predict the service life of a pavement marking material based on its retroreflectivity. Data from the 2002 National Transportation Product Evaluation Program (NTPEP) pavement marking material test deck in Mississippi are used for model development and model validation. The smoothing spline method and time series modeling are applied to estimate the service lives of different types of materials based on the assumption of a required minimum retroreflectivity value. The same models can also predict the retroreflectivity values at future times for a pavement marking product based on its retroreflectivity values in the past. The validation of the models shows satisfactory accuracy. As demonstrated in a case study, the predicted service lives of the marking materials can be used in life-cycle cost comparisons for selecting pavement marking material