Marriage and health : selection, protection, and assortative mating

Este estudio utiliza datos de dos encuestas de individuos en Estados Unidos, el Panel Study of Income Dynamics (PSID) y el Medical Expenses Panel Survey (MEPS), para analizar posibles diferencias en el estado de salud entre las personas casadas y las solteras, ambas en edad de trabajar. Cuando se comparan individuos con la misma edad, renta, educación, sexo y raza, se encuentra que las personas casadas declaran un estado de salud superior al de las solteras. Esta diferencia es aproximadamente de 5 puntos porcentuales en edades de 35-40 años y aumenta hasta 10 puntos porcentuales en edades de 55-59 años. El mejor estado de salud entre los casados es similar para hombres y mujeres. Por otra parte, una vez se mantienen constantes las diferencias no observadas en la salud innata (modelizadas como una variable latente que varía con la edad, y que está potencialmente correlacionada entre periodos y con la probabilidad de estar casado) encontramos que el efecto positivo del matrimonio sobre la salud desaparece entre los jóvenes (hasta 40 años), mientras que se sitúa alrededor de 5 puntos porcentuales en edades más avanzadas (entre los 55 y 59 años). Estos resultados indican que los diferenciales observados se deben principalmente a un sesgo de selección a edades tempranas, pero que puede haber un efecto protector del matrimonio a edades avanzadas. Explorando los mecanismos existentes detrás de este resultado, encontramos que una mejor salud innata se asocia con una mayor probabilidad de estar casado y una menor probabilidad de divorciarse, y que existe un fuerte emparejamiento selectivo de las parejas según su salud innata. También encontramos que las personas casadas tienen una mayor probabilidad de seguir comportamientos saludables que las solteras. Finalmente, encontramos que la tenencia de un seguro médico es una variable muy importante a la hora de explicar el efecto beneficioso del matrimonio sobre la saludUsing data from the Panel Study of Income Dynamics (PSID) and the Medical Expenditure Panel Survey (MEPS), we analyze the health gap between married and unmarried individuals of working-age. Controlling for observables, we find a gap that peaks at 10 percentage points at ages 55-59 years. The marriage health gap is similar for men and women. If we allow for unobserved heterogeneity in innate health (permanent and age-dependent), potentially correlated with timing and likelihood of marriage, we find that the effect of marriage on health disappears below age 40 years, while about 5 percentage points difference between married and unmarried individuals remains at older ages (55-59 years). This indicates that the observed gap is mainly driven by selection into marriage at younger ages, but there might be a protective effect of marriage at older ages. Exploring the mechanisms behind this result, we find that better innate health is associated with a higher probability of marriage and a lower probability of divorce, and there is strong assortative mating among couples by innate health. We also find that married individuals are more likely to have a healthier behavior compared to unmarried ones. Finally, we find that health insurance is critical for the benefi cial effect of marriag

Does the added worker effect matter?

Algunos trabajadores entran en el mercado laboral debido a la pérdida de empleo de sus cónyuges. Este fenómeno se denomina «efecto del trabajador añadido» (AWE, por las siglas en inglés, Added Worker Effect). En este trabajo proponemos una nueva metodología para calcular el AWE, que permite medir su impacto en cualquier variable agregada del mercado laboral. Usando datos del mercado laboral estadounidense, nuestros resultados indican que el AWE redujo la fracción de hogares con los dos miembros desempleados un 16 % en el período 1977-2018, un 28 % en la recesión de 1990 y un 23 % durante la Gran Recesión. El AWE también explica por qué el empleo agregado de las mujeres es mucho menos cíclico y más simétrico que el de los hombres. Si no existiera el AWE, la tasa de empleo de las mujeres casadas sería tan volátil y asimétrica como la de los hombres (reduciéndose y recuperándose rápidamente durante recesiones y expansiones, respectivamente). Si bien durante las recesiones algunas mujeres pierden su empleo, otras entran en el mercado laboral y encuentran trabajo. Este mecanismo mantiene la tasa de empleo de las mujeres relativamente estable a lo largo del ciclo económico.The added worker effect (AWE) measures the entry of individuals into the labor force due to their partners’ adverse labor market outcomes. We propose a new method to calculate the AWE that allows us to estimate its effect on any labor market outcome. The AWE reduces the fraction of households with two non-employed members by 16% for the 1977-2018 period; 28% in the 1990 recession and 23% during the great recession. The AWE also accounts for why women’s employment is much less cyclical and more symmetric than men’s. Without the AWE, married women’s employment would be as volatile as men and display negative skewness (declining quickly in recessions and recovering slowly in expansions). In recessions, while some women lose their employment, others enter the labor market and find jobs. This keeps female employment relatively stable

Rates of SARS-COV-2 transmission and vaccination impact the fate of vaccine-resistant strains

Se considera que las vacunas son la mejor solución para controlar la actual pandemia por SARS-CoV-2. Sin embargo, la proliferación de cepas resistentes a las vacunas puede ser demasiado rápida para que su aplicación alivie la propagación de la pandemia, así como sus consecuencias económicas y sociales. Para cuantificar y caracterizar el riesgo de este escenario, utilizamos un modelo SIR con una dinámica estocástica para estudiar la probabilidad de aparición y transmisión de cepas resistentes a la vacuna. Usando parámetros que repliquen de manera realista la transmisión del SARS-CoV-2, modelizamos el patrón en forma de olas de la pandemia y consideramos el impacto que el ritmo de vacunación y la intensidad de las medidas de contención adoptadas tienen sobre la probabilidad de aparición de cepas resistentes a la vacuna. Como era de esperar, un ritmo rápido de vacunación disminuye la probabilidad de aparición de una cepa resistente a la vacuna. Sin embargo, aunque en principio pueda parecer contraintuitivo, cuando se produce una relajación de las restricciones en el momento en el que la mayoría de la población ya ha sido vacunada, la probabilidad de aparición de una cepa resistente a la vacuna aumenta considerablemente. En consecuencia, un período de contención estricta de la transmisión cerca del final de la campaña de vacunación puede reducir sustancialmente la probabilidad del establecimiento de cepas resistentes a la vacuna. Estos resultados, por tanto, sugieren la conveniencia de mantener las medidas y los protocolos de prevención durante toda la duración de la campaña de vacunación.Vaccines are thought to be the best available solution for controlling the ongoing SARS-CoV-2 pandemic. However, the emergence of vaccine-resistant strains may come too rapidly for current vaccine developments to alleviate the health, economic and social consequences of the pandemic. To quantify and characterize the risk of such a scenario, we created a SIR-derived model with initial stochastic dynamics of the vaccine-resistant strain to study the probability of its emergence and establishment. Using parameters realistically resembling SARS-CoV-2 transmission, we model a wave-like pattern of the pandemic and consider the impact of the rate of vaccination and the strength of non-pharmaceutical intervention measures on the probability of emergence of a resistant strain. As expected, we found that a fast rate of vaccination decreases the probability of emergence of a resistant strain. Counterintuitively, when a relaxation of non-pharmaceutical interventions happened at a time when most individuals of the population have already been vaccinated the probability of emergence of a resistant strain was greatly increased. Consequently, we show that a period of transmission reduction close to the end of the vaccination campaign can substantially reduce the probability of resistant strain establishment. These results, therefore, suggest the convenience of maintaining non-pharmaceutical interventions and prevention protocols throughout the entire vaccination period

Antimicrobial resistance in foodborne <i>Salmonella enterica</i> isolates in the Republic of Belarus

Introduction. Antimicrobial resistance is a global public health concern. Salmonella spp., which can be transmitted to humans through contaminated food, are among the most important foodborne pathogens worldwide. Materials and methods. The antimicrobial resistance of 358 bacterial isolates collected from food and water in the Republic of Belarus (Belarus) in 20182021 was studied by analyzing phenotypic and genotypic characteristics of antibiotic bacterial resistance. MALDI-TOF mass spectrometry was used to classify and identify bacteria. Phenotypic antimicrobial susceptibility of bacteria was measured by the minimum inhibitory concentration method using a Sensititre automated bacteriological analyzer and the disk diffusion test for 45 antimicrobial agents. Antimicrobial resistance genes in multidrug-resistant Salmonella isolates were identified by whole-genome sequencing. Results. The in vitro testing of phenotypic bacterial susceptibility showed high susceptibility to fluoroquinolones (97.2%), third-generation cephalosporins (93.9%), carbapenems (98.0%), ampicillin (81.8%), aminoglycosides (97.5%), tetracyclines (87.5%), chloramphenicol (93.8%), trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole (co-trimoxazole) (95.3%) and colistin (85.2%). It was found that the antibiotic resistance mechanism in S. enterica was associated with the presence of genes blaTEM-1B (82%), blaTEM-1C (7.7%), blaSHV-12 (2.6%), blaDHA-1 (2.6%), blaCMY-2 (7.7%), qnrB2 (9.1%), qnrB4 (9.1%), qnrB5 (9.1%), qnrB19 (72.7%), aac(6)-Ib-cr (9.1%), aac(6)-Iaa (100%), aadA1 (13.2%), aadA2 (8.8%), tetB (74.3%), tetA (25.7%), tetM (2.9%), tetD (28.6%), mcr-9 (1.5%). Conclusion. All the bacterial isolates were phenotypically susceptible to first-line antibiotics used in treatment of salmonellosis: fluoroquinolones and third-generation cephalosporins. The whole-genome sequencing of multidrug-resistant Salmonella isolates (19.0%) detected resistance genes for 9 groups of antibiotics: aminoglycosides (100%), beta-lactams (57.4%), fluoroquinolones (16.2%), tetracyclines (51.5%), macrolides (1.5%), phenicols (30.4%), trimethoprim (13.0%), sulfonamides (47.8%) and colistin (1.4%). Thus, epidemiological surveillance of the Salmonella spread through the food chain is of critical importance for the monitoring of antimicrobial resistance among foodborne Salmonella

Essays on family, health Inequalities and labor dynamics

En aquesta tesi, considero la família com la unitat encarregada de prendre decisions en l’economia i estudio les implicacions d’aquestes decisions per les desigualtats en indicadors de salut i del mercat laboral, dos aspectes fonamentals per al benestar dels individus. En el primer capítol, que porta per títol “Health Policies and Intergenerational Mobility”, estudio quin paper juguen les desigualtats en termes de salut i les polítiques de sanitat pública per a la persistència en la generació d’ingressos als EE.UU. En la literatura el paper de les polítiques públiques d’educació han sigut àmpliament estudiats però no sabem quasi res de com les polítiques de salut afecten mobilitat. En aquest capítol, desenvolupo i estimo un model de generacions solapades, basat en la acumulació de capital humà, on les decisions de les famílies tenen en compte la natura dinàmica i multidimensional de la inversió en capital humà. En el model, introdueixo dos tipus de capital humà: capital en salut i capital humà. A més a més, modelo de forma explícita les polítiques públiques d’educació i salut. Les simulacions mostren que les polítiques de salut són importants per determinar la mobilitat social entre generacions per als individus menys afavorits de la societat i també que hi ha interaccions importants entre les polítiques públiques d’educació i sanitat. En el segon capítol, titulat “Marriage and Health: Selection, Protection, and Assortative Mating” i escrit conjuntament amb en Nezih Guner i en Joan Llull, estudiem com el fet de viure en parella o no afecta la desigualtat en l’estat de salut. Controlant per factors observables, els nostres resultats indiquen que la diferencia en estat de salut entre solters i casats arriba al seu punt màxim, un 12%, entre els 55 i 59 anys. Si considerem diferencies no observades en l’estat de salut innat (tant permanent com depenent en l’edat), que poden estar correlacionades amb el moment i la probabilitat de casar-se, els nostres resultats indiquen que no hi ha diferències entre l’estat de salut de solters i casat abans dels 40 anys mentre que les diferències en edats més avançades arriben al 6%. Aquest resultat ens indica que les diferències en salut en la joventut entre solters i casats són degudes a un efecte de selecció en el casament però podria existir un efecte protector d’estar casat en edats més avançades. Quan explorem els mecanismes darrera aquest resultat, veiem que hi ha una correlació positiva entre l’estat de salut innat i trobar parella sense divorciar-se i que les persones amb bona salut innata tendeixen a estar casades amb persones amb bona salut innata. Finalment, notem que l’assegurança de salut i hàbits saludables són molt rellevant per a l’efecte beneficial de casar-se. En el tercer capítol, “Household Labor Market Dynamics”, escrit amb en Nezih Guner i Arnau Valladares-Esteban, estudiem el rol de les decisions laborals de les famílies en les dinàmiques del mercat laboral. Tenim en compte les decisions laborals conjuntes de les parelles casades considerant tres estats laborals: treballant, a l’atur i inactiu. Analitzant la importància de les transicions entre estats laborals tant per homes com per dones, veiem que els resultats són diferents entre els dos gèneres. Les transicions entre treball i atur són claus pels homes mentre que per les dones les transicions relacionades amb la inactivitat són rellevants. També comptabilitzem la rellevància del added worker effect i demostrem que, sense aquest efecte, la participació laboral de les dones en el període 2000-2010 hauria sigut un 2,5 punts percentuals més alta. De forma similar, la taxa d’atur també hauria sigut 0,3 punts percentuals més alta, el que significa un 6,16% del total de la taxa d’atur.In this thesis I consider family as a basic unit of the decision-making in the economy and I study the implications of these decisions for health inequalities and labor supply, very important socioeconomic outcomes. In the first chapter of this thesis, named "Health Policies and Intergenerational Mobility", I study the role of health inequalities and health policies for income persistence over generations within family in the United States. While the role of education and education policies received a lot of attention in the literature on intergenerational mobility, almost nothing is known on how medical policies affect intergenerational mobility and inequality. This is rather surprising, since health, like education, is highly persistent across generations and health of children have an important impact on how they perform in school. In this paper, I develop and estimate a human-capital based overlapping generations model of household decisions that take into account multidimensionality and dynamic nature of human capital investments. I distinguish two forms of human capital: health capital and human capital, and model explicitly government policies in education and health. The counterfactual simulations show that health policies is an important determinant of intergenerational mobility of income across generations for agents of the bottom of income distribution and there are important interactions between health and education policies. In the second chapter of this thesis "Marriage and Health: Selection, Protection, and Assortative Mating" (joint with Nezih Guner and Joan Llull), we study how marital status affects health inequality. Using data from the Panel Study of Income Dynamics (PSID) and the Medical Expenditure Panel Survey (MEPS), we analyze the marriage health gap for working-age individuals. Controlling for observables, we find a gap that peaks at 12 percentage points at ages 55-59. If we allow for unobserved heterogeneity in innate health (permanent and age-dependent), potentially correlated with timing and likelihood of marriage, we find that the effect of marriage on health disappears below age 40, while about 6 percentage points difference between married and unmarried individuals remains at older (55-59) ages. This indicates that the observed gap is mainly driven by selection into marriage at younger ages, but there might be a protective effect of marriage at older ages. Exploring the mechanisms behind this result, we find that better innate health is associated with a higher probability of marriage and a lower probability of divorce, and there is strong assortative mating among couples by innate health. We also find that married individuals are more likely to have a healthier behavior compared to unmarried ones. Finally, we find that health insurance is critical for the beneficial effect of marriage. In the third chapter of this thesis, "Household Labor Market Dynamics", coauthored with Nezih Guner and Arnau Valladares-Esteban, we study the role of labor supply decisions within family for the labor market dynamics. We study the joint labor market transitions of married couples between three labor market states: employment, unemployment, and out of the labor force. We assess the importance of different labor market transitions for married males and females. The results show that married men and women differ in their labor market dynamics. The transitions between employment and unemployment are the key driver of the cyclical movements in unemployment for married males. For married females, however, transitions in and out of the labor force play a key role. We calculate the importance of the added worker effect and show that without the added worker effect, female labor participation and unemployment rates in 2000-2010 period would be about 2.5 and 0.3 percentage points higher, respectively. This 0.3 percentage points represents about 6.16% of the female unemployment rate

Essays on family, health Inequalities and labor dynamics

En aquesta tesi, considero la família com la unitat encarregada de prendre decisions en l’economia i estudio les implicacions d’aquestes decisions per les desigualtats en indicadors de salut i del mercat laboral, dos aspectes fonamentals per al benestar dels individus. En el primer capítol, que porta per títol “Health Policies and Intergenerational Mobility”, estudio quin paper juguen les desigualtats en termes de salut i les polítiques de sanitat pública per a la persistència en la generació d’ingressos als EE.UU. En la literatura el paper de les polítiques públiques d’educació han sigut àmpliament estudiats però no sabem quasi res de com les polítiques de salut afecten mobilitat. En aquest capítol, desenvolupo i estimo un model de generacions solapades, basat en la acumulació de capital humà, on les decisions de les famílies tenen en compte la natura dinàmica i multidimensional de la inversió en capital humà. En el model, introdueixo dos tipus de capital humà: capital en salut i capital humà. A més a més, modelo de forma explícita les polítiques públiques d’educació i salut. Les simulacions mostren que les polítiques de salut són importants per determinar la mobilitat social entre generacions per als individus menys afavorits de la societat i també que hi ha interaccions importants entre les polítiques públiques d’educació i sanitat. En el segon capítol, titulat “Marriage and Health: Selection, Protection, and Assortative Mating” i escrit conjuntament amb en Nezih Guner i en Joan Llull, estudiem com el fet de viure en parella o no afecta la desigualtat en l’estat de salut. Controlant per factors observables, els nostres resultats indiquen que la diferencia en estat de salut entre solters i casats arriba al seu punt màxim, un 12%, entre els 55 i 59 anys. Si considerem diferencies no observades en l’estat de salut innat (tant permanent com depenent en l’edat), que poden estar correlacionades amb el moment i la probabilitat de casar-se, els nostres resultats indiquen que no hi ha diferències entre l’estat de salut de solters i casat abans dels 40 anys mentre que les diferències en edats més avançades arriben al 6%. Aquest resultat ens indica que les diferències en salut en la joventut entre solters i casats són degudes a un efecte de selecció en el casament però podria existir un efecte protector d’estar casat en edats més avançades. Quan explorem els mecanismes darrera aquest resultat, veiem que hi ha una correlació positiva entre l’estat de salut innat i trobar parella sense divorciar-se i que les persones amb bona salut innata tendeixen a estar casades amb persones amb bona salut innata. Finalment, notem que l’assegurança de salut i hàbits saludables són molt rellevant per a l’efecte beneficial de casar-se. En el tercer capítol, “Household Labor Market Dynamics”, escrit amb en Nezih Guner i Arnau Valladares-Esteban, estudiem el rol de les decisions laborals de les famílies en les dinàmiques del mercat laboral. Tenim en compte les decisions laborals conjuntes de les parelles casades considerant tres estats laborals: treballant, a l’atur i inactiu. Analitzant la importància de les transicions entre estats laborals tant per homes com per dones, veiem que els resultats són diferents entre els dos gèneres. Les transicions entre treball i atur són claus pels homes mentre que per les dones les transicions relacionades amb la inactivitat són rellevants. També comptabilitzem la rellevància del added worker effect i demostrem que, sense aquest efecte, la participació laboral de les dones en el període 2000-2010 hauria sigut un 2,5 punts percentuals més alta. De forma similar, la taxa d’atur també hauria sigut 0,3 punts percentuals més alta, el que significa un 6,16% del total de la taxa d’atur.In this thesis I consider family as a basic unit of the decision-making in the economy and I study the implications of these decisions for health inequalities and labor supply, very important socioeconomic outcomes. In the first chapter of this thesis, named "Health Policies and Intergenerational Mobility", I study the role of health inequalities and health policies for income persistence over generations within family in the United States. While the role of education and education policies received a lot of attention in the literature on intergenerational mobility, almost nothing is known on how medical policies affect intergenerational mobility and inequality. This is rather surprising, since health, like education, is highly persistent across generations and health of children have an important impact on how they perform in school. In this paper, I develop and estimate a human-capital based overlapping generations model of household decisions that take into account multidimensionality and dynamic nature of human capital investments. I distinguish two forms of human capital: health capital and human capital, and model explicitly government policies in education and health. The counterfactual simulations show that health policies is an important determinant of intergenerational mobility of income across generations for agents of the bottom of income distribution and there are important interactions between health and education policies. In the second chapter of this thesis "Marriage and Health: Selection, Protection, and Assortative Mating" (joint with Nezih Guner and Joan Llull), we study how marital status affects health inequality. Using data from the Panel Study of Income Dynamics (PSID) and the Medical Expenditure Panel Survey (MEPS), we analyze the marriage health gap for working-age individuals. Controlling for observables, we find a gap that peaks at 12 percentage points at ages 55-59. If we allow for unobserved heterogeneity in innate health (permanent and age-dependent), potentially correlated with timing and likelihood of marriage, we find that the effect of marriage on health disappears below age 40, while about 6 percentage points difference between married and unmarried individuals remains at older (55-59) ages. This indicates that the observed gap is mainly driven by selection into marriage at younger ages, but there might be a protective effect of marriage at older ages. Exploring the mechanisms behind this result, we find that better innate health is associated with a higher probability of marriage and a lower probability of divorce, and there is strong assortative mating among couples by innate health. We also find that married individuals are more likely to have a healthier behavior compared to unmarried ones. Finally, we find that health insurance is critical for the beneficial effect of marriage. In the third chapter of this thesis, "Household Labor Market Dynamics", coauthored with Nezih Guner and Arnau Valladares-Esteban, we study the role of labor supply decisions within family for the labor market dynamics. We study the joint labor market transitions of married couples between three labor market states: employment, unemployment, and out of the labor force. We assess the importance of different labor market transitions for married males and females. The results show that married men and women differ in their labor market dynamics. The transitions between employment and unemployment are the key driver of the cyclical movements in unemployment for married males. For married females, however, transitions in and out of the labor force play a key role. We calculate the importance of the added worker effect and show that without the added worker effect, female labor participation and unemployment rates in 2000-2010 period would be about 2.5 and 0.3 percentage points higher, respectively. This 0.3 percentage points represents about 6.16% of the female unemployment rate

Review of Studies on Joint Recovery of Macroalgae and Marine Debris by Hydrothermal Liquefaction

At the moment, macroalgae blooms in sea waters, the rotting of which causes greenhouse gas emissions and contributes to the formation of a negative ecological and economic situation in coastal zones, which has become a serious problem. Fuel production through hydrothermal liquefaction (HTL) of macroalgae and marine debris is a promising solution to this ecological problem. The article provides an overview of studies on producing fuel from macroalgae and an assessment of the possibility of their joint recovery with marine debris. The optimal process conditions and their technological efficiency were evaluated. The article shows the feasibility of using heterogeneous catalysis and co-solvent to increase the yield of bio-oil and improve its quality. An assessment of the possibility of joint processing of waste macroalgae and marine debris showed the inexpediency of this direction. The high degree of drift macroalgae contamination also raises the question of the appropriateness of the preliminary extraction of other valuable components for nutrition use, such as fats, proteins, carbohydrates, and their derivatives

Reprint of: Marriage and health: Selection, protection, and assortative mating

Using data from the Panel Study of Income Dynamics (PSID) and the Medical Expenditure Panel Survey (MEPS), we analyze the health gap between married and unmarried individuals of working-age. Controlling for observables, we find a gap that peaks at 10% points at ages 55–59 years. The marriage health gap is similar for men and women. If we allow for unobserved heterogeneity in innate health (permanent and age-dependent), potentially correlated with timing and likelihood of marriage, we find that the effect of marriage on health disappears below age 40 years, while about 5% points difference between married and unmarried individuals remains at older ages (55–59 years). This indicates that the observed gap is mainly driven by selection into marriage at younger ages, but there might be a protective effect of marriage at older ages. Exploring the mechanisms behind this result, we find that better innate health is associated with a higher probability of marriage and a lower probability of divorce, and there is strong assortative mating among couples by innate health. We also find that married individuals are more likely to have a healthier behavior compared to unmarried ones. Finally, we find that health insurance is critical for the beneficial effect of marriage.Financial support from European Research Council (ERC) through Starting Grant no. 263600, from the Spanish Ministry of Economy and Competitiveness (ECO2013-49357-EXP, ECO2014-59056-JIN, ECO2014-54401-P, and Severo Ochoa Programme for Centers of Excellence in R&D, SEV-2011-0075 and SEV-2015-0563), and from the Generalitat de Catalunya (2017-SGR-1765) is gratefully acknowledged.Peer reviewe

Marriage and health: Selection, protection, and assortative mating

Using data from the Panel Study of Income Dynamics (PSID) and the Medical Expenditure Panel Survey (MEPS), we analyze the health gap between married and unmarried individuals of working-age. Controlling for observables, we find a gap that peaks at 10% points at ages 55–59 years. The marriage health gap is similar for men and women. If we allow for unobserved heterogeneity in innate health (permanent and age-dependent), potentially correlated with timing and likelihood of marriage, we find that the effect of marriage on health disappears below age 40 years, while about 5% points difference between married and unmarried individuals remains at older ages (55–59 years). This indicates that the observed gap is mainly driven by selection into marriage at younger ages, but there might be a protective effect of marriage at older ages. Exploring the mechanisms behind this result, we find that better innate health is associated with a higher probability of marriage and a lower probability of divorce, and there is strong assortative mating among couples by innate health. We also find that married individuals are more likely to have a healthier behavior compared to unmarried ones. Finally, we find that health insurance is critical for the beneficial effect of marriage.Financial support from European Research Council (ERC) through Starting Grant no. 263600, from the Spanish Ministry of Economy and Competitiveness (ECO2013-49357-EXP, ECO2014-59056-JIN, ECO2014-54401-P, and Severo Ochoa Programme for Centers of Excellence in R&D, SEV-2011-0075 and SEV-2015-0563), and from the Generalitat de Catalunya (2017-SGR-1765) is gratefully acknowledged.Peer reviewe

Review of Studies on Joint Recovery of Macroalgae and Marine Debris by Hydrothermal Liquefaction

At the moment, macroalgae blooms in sea waters, the rotting of which causes greenhouse gas emissions and contributes to the formation of a negative ecological and economic situation in coastal zones, which has become a serious problem. Fuel production through hydrothermal liquefaction (HTL) of macroalgae and marine debris is a promising solution to this ecological problem. The article provides an overview of studies on producing fuel from macroalgae and an assessment of the possibility of their joint recovery with marine debris. The optimal process conditions and their technological efficiency were evaluated. The article shows the feasibility of using heterogeneous catalysis and co-solvent to increase the yield of bio-oil and improve its quality. An assessment of the possibility of joint processing of waste macroalgae and marine debris showed the inexpediency of this direction. The high degree of drift macroalgae contamination also raises the question of the appropriateness of the preliminary extraction of other valuable components for nutrition use, such as fats, proteins, carbohydrates, and their derivatives