From symplectic cohomology to Lagrangian enumerative geometry

We build a bridge between Floer theory on open symplectic manifolds and the enumerative geometry of holomorphic disks inside their Fano compactifications, by detecting elements in symplectic cohomology which are mirror to Landau-Ginzburg potentials. We also treat the higher Maslov index versions of LG potentials. We discover a relation between higher disk potentials and symplectic cohomology rings of anticanonical divisor complements (themselves related to closed-string Gromov-Witten invariants), and explore several other applications to the geometry of Liouville domains.Comment: 47 pages, 13 figures; v2: reference fixes, minor correction

Identification of Anion Channels Responsible for Fluoride Resistance in Oral Streptococci - Fig 3

<p>Growth yields of the parent strains, <i>eriC</i> or <i>crcB</i> deletion mutants, and complemented strains in <i>S. mutans</i> (A), <i>S. anginosus</i> (B), and <i>S. sanguinis</i> (C) at various NaF concentrations. The y-axis represents the OD₅₅₀ after incubation for 16 h. Data represent the mean standard deviations of three independent experiments. *, significant differences against the OD₅₅₀ value of the wild-type strain within the same NaF concentration.</p

Growth yields of 13 oral streptococci at various NaF concentrations.

<p>The y-axis represents the OD₅₅₀ after incubation for 16 h. The data represent the mean standard deviations of three independent experiments.</p

Growth yields of the parent strains and the complemented strains.

<p>(A) Complementation by <i>S</i>. <i>mutans</i> EriC1b, <i>S</i>. <i>anginosus</i> EriC1, or <i>S</i>. <i>sanguinis</i> CrcB1/CrcB2 in the <i>S</i>. <i>mutans</i> EriC1a/EriC1b double mutant. (B) Complementation by <i>S</i>. <i>anginosus</i> EriC1 or <i>S</i>. <i>mutans</i> EriC1b in the <i>S</i>. <i>anginosus</i> EriC1 mutant. (C) Complementation by <i>S</i>. <i>sanguinis</i> CrcB1/CrcB2 or <i>S</i>. <i>mutans</i> EriC1b in the <i>S</i>. <i>sanguinis</i> CrcB1/CrcB2 double mutant. The y-axis represents the OD₅₅₀ after incubation for 16 h. The data represent the mean standard deviations of three independent experiments. *, significant differences against the OD₅₅₀ value of the wild-type strain within the same NaF concentration; ^<b>#</b>, significant differences against the OD₅₅₀ value of the strain complemented by its own fluoride-resistance gene(s) within the same NaF concentration.</p

Locations of <i>eriC</i> and <i>crcB</i> genes in 18 oral streptococci.

<p>These species were selected based on the following criteria: identification in ≥ 10% of 166 orally healthy subjects and ≥ 0.01% of the mean relative abundance [<a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0165900#pone.0165900.ref010" target="_blank">10</a>].</p

Identification of the Microbiota in Carious Dentin Lesions Using 16S rRNA Gene Sequencing

<div><p>While mutans streptococci have long been assumed to be the specific pathogen responsible for human dental caries, the concept of a complex dental caries-associated microbiota has received significant attention in recent years. Molecular analyses revealed the complexity of the microbiota with the predominance of <i>Lactobacillus</i> and <i>Prevotella</i> in carious dentine lesions. However, characterization of the dentin caries-associated microbiota has not been extensively explored in different ethnicities and races. In the present study, the bacterial communities in the carious dentin of Japanese subjects were analyzed comprehensively with molecular approaches using the16S rRNA gene. Carious dentin lesion samples were collected from 32 subjects aged 4–76 years, and the 16S rRNA genes, amplified from the extracted DNA with universal primers, were sequenced with a pyrosequencer. The bacterial composition was classified into clusters I, II, and III according to the relative abundance (high, middle, low) of <i>Lactobacillus</i>. The bacterial composition in cluster II was composed of relatively high proportions of <i>Olsenella</i> and <i>Propionibacterium</i> or subdominated by heterogeneous genera. The bacterial communities in cluster III were characterized by the predominance of <i>Atopobium</i>, <i>Prevotella</i>, or <i>Propionibacterium</i> with <i>Streptococcus</i> or <i>Actinomyces</i>. Some samples in clusters II and III, mainly related to <i>Atopobium</i> and <i>Propionibacterium</i>, were novel combinations of microbiota in carious dentin lesions and may be characteristic of the Japanese population. Clone library analysis revealed that <i>Atopobium</i> sp. HOT-416 and <i>P. acidifaciens</i> were specific species associated with dentinal caries among these genera in a Japanese population. We summarized the bacterial composition of dentinal carious lesions in a Japanese population using next-generation sequencing and found typical Japanese types with <i>Atopobium</i> or <i>Propionibacterium</i> predominating.</p></div

Compositional Stability of a Salivary Bacterial Population against Supragingival Microbiota Shift following Periodontal Therapy

<div><p>Supragingival plaque is permanently in contact with saliva. However, the extent to which the microbiota contributes to the salivary bacterial population remains unclear. We compared the compositional shift in the salivary bacterial population with that in supragingival plaque following periodontal therapy. Samples were collected from 19 patients with periodontitis before and after periodontal therapy (mean sample collection interval, 25.8±2.6 months), and their bacterial composition was investigated using barcoded pyrosequencing analysis of the 16S rRNA gene. Phylogenetic community analysis using the UniFrac distance metric revealed that the overall bacterial community composition of saliva is distinct from that of supragingival plaque, both pre- and post-therapy. Temporal variation following therapy in the salivary bacterial population was significantly smaller than in the plaque microbiota, and the post-therapy saliva sample was significantly more similar to that pre-therapy from the same individual than to those from other subjects. Following periodontal therapy, microbial richness and biodiversity were significantly decreased in the plaque microbiota, but not in the salivary bacterial population. The operational taxonomic units whose relative abundances changed significantly after therapy were not common to the two microbiotae. These results reveal the compositional stability of salivary bacterial populations against shifts in the supragingival microbiota, suggesting that the effect of the supragingival plaque microbiota on salivary bacterial population composition is limited.</p> </div

Bacterial species identified in 3 carious dentin samples of Cluster I.

a<p>Sequences with no hits (<98% identity) in Human Oral Microbiome Database were further compared against database Nucleotide collection database (nr/nt) of the National Center for Biotechnology Information.</p

Relative abundance distribution of the bacterial genera in the 32 samples collected from the deepest layer of each region.

<p>Only 11 bacterial genera for which mean relative abundance exceeded 1% of total reads are described. Hierarchical cluster analysis using Euclidean distance and Ward’s method classified them into three clusters, according to the relative abundance of Lactobacillus: High-Lactobacillus group (cluster I), Mid-Lactobacillus group (cluster II) and Low-Lactobacillus group (cluster III). Age, gender of each subject, and deciduous or permanent tooth are indicated on the right side of the heatmap.</p

Correlation of the total relative abundance of the 12 SUBP-specific OTUs in SL and SUBP samples, or the percentage of sites with periodontal pockets (≥4 mm depth).

<p>The Pearson correlation coefficient (r) and the P value are shown in the upper or upper left side of the diagram. The gray line depicts the regression line.</p