リツメイカン キャンパス アジア プログラム ニ サンカ シタ ニッチュウカン 3カコク ガクセイ ノ 3ゲンゴ ノウリョク ト シヨウ ジョウキョウ

「立命館キャンパスアジア・プログラム」に参加した日中韓の学生の言語能力と言語使用状況を分析した結果、日本人学生の中国語・韓国語能力の自己評価は総じて低かった。また、参加学生は日本に滞在中、アカデミックな場面では日本語を多用しつつも日本語のみを使用するわけではなく、日常生活場面では中国語と韓国語の使用割合が増えていた。言語選択の際には、相手の理解しやすい言語を選ぶ、自分が話したいかもしくは練習したい言語を使う、特定の言語を使用してほしいという相手のリクエストに応じる、自分の不十分な外国語を相手が受け入れるかどうかで決める等の基準が認められた。さらに、仲間の力を借りて講義内容を聞き取ることや、L2を経由してL3を理解する学習方略が確認された。このことから、参加学生はすべての言語資源を柔軟に使ってアカデミックな課題に取り組んだり、三つの言語資源からその場のコミュニケーションに最適な言語要素を選び取ることのできる、高いトランス・ランゲージング、力をもっていることが明らかになった。Language skills and language use of Japanese, Chinese, and Korean students who participated in the Ritsumeikan Campus Asia Program were analyzed, and the results showed that the Japanese students' evaluation of their Chinese and Korean language skills was generally low. Although these students frequently used Japanese in academic contexts while they were in Japan, it was not the only language they used in every situation; in fact, the ratio of the use of Chinese and Korean languages increased in nonacademic daily life contexts. The findings suggest the students' use of some principles for language selection, such as choosing a language that is easy for the interlocutor (s) to understand; using the language that one wants to speak or practice; responding to the interlocutor's request to use a certain language; and deciding whether the interlocutor will accept one's insufficient foreign language skills. Furthermore, it was confirmed that the students exercised learning strategies such as getting help from their friends to understand lectures and using an L2 to understand an L3. From the above, it became clear that these students have developed high-level translanguaging abilities to work on academic tasks using all the resources of the three languages and to use the optimum language elements from such resources depending on the context of a given communication event.招待論文特集 : すべての言語資源を活用したマルチリンガル教育をめざしてInvited PapersFeatured Topic : Aiming for Multilingual Education Utilizing All the Language Resource

Search for eccentric black hole coalescences during the third observing run of LIGO and Virgo

Despite the growing number of confident binary black hole coalescences observed through gravitational waves so far, the astrophysical origin of these binaries remains uncertain. Orbital eccentricity is one of the clearest tracers of binary formation channels. Identifying binary eccentricity, however, remains challenging due to the limited availability of gravitational waveforms that include effects of eccentricity. Here, we present observational results for a waveform-independent search sensitive to eccentric black hole coalescences, covering the third observing run (O3) of the LIGO and Virgo detectors. We identified no new high-significance candidates beyond those that were already identified with searches focusing on quasi-circular binaries. We determine the sensitivity of our search to high-mass (total mass M>70 M⊙) binaries covering eccentricities up to 0.3 at 15 Hz orbital frequency, and use this to compare model predictions to search results. Assuming all detections are indeed quasi-circular, for our fiducial population model, we place an upper limit for the merger rate density of high-mass binaries with eccentricities 0<e≤0.3 at 0.33 Gpc−3 yr−1 at 90\% confidence level

Ultralight vector dark matter search using data from the KAGRA O3GK run

Among the various candidates for dark matter (DM), ultralight vector DM can be probed by laser interferometric gravitational wave detectors through the measurement of oscillating length changes in the arm cavities. In this context, KAGRA has a unique feature due to differing compositions of its mirrors, enhancing the signal of vector DM in the length change in the auxiliary channels. Here we present the result of a search for U(1)B−L gauge boson DM using the KAGRA data from auxiliary length channels during the first joint observation run together with GEO600. By applying our search pipeline, which takes into account the stochastic nature of ultralight DM, upper bounds on the coupling strength between the U(1)B−L gauge boson and ordinary matter are obtained for a range of DM masses. While our constraints are less stringent than those derived from previous experiments, this study demonstrates the applicability of our method to the lower-mass vector DM search, which is made difficult in this measurement by the short observation time compared to the auto-correlation time scale of DM

Quantitative estimation of the ecosystem services supporting the growth of Japanese chum salmon

Chum salmon (Oncorhynchus keta) are distributed widely in the subarctic North Pacific. The Japanese stock is maintained by artificial release procedures. Chum salmon, including the Japanese stock, provide important ecosystem services for humans that are related to provisioning, culture and support. These ecosystem services are supported by the supply of prey and habitat that the fish use. We regard the supply of prey and habitat as supporting services for salmon. We developed a procedure to estimate supporting services quantitatively, based on the prey biomass consumed by individual salmon, by coupling a bioenergetics model and a lower trophic level ecosystem model. Using this procedure, we estimated the prey biomass consumed by a cohort of Japanese chum salmon released in a single year. The phytoplankton biomass indirectly consumed by a cohort was also estimated and considered to be the primary production supporting the fish. The Japanese chum salmon cohort was estimated to consume ca. 4.2-4.7 x 10(9) kg wet weight of zooplankton, of which more than half is eaten in the Bering Sea. The Japanese chum salmon cohort is supported by an estimated primary production of 2.0-2.2 x 10(9) kg C, which amounts to 0.17%-0.19% of primary production in the areas and periods through which the fish migrate. We also attempted to calculate the monetary value of supporting services for the growth of Japanese chum salmon

Immediate postoperative non‐invasive positive pressure ventilation following midface microvascular free flap reconstruction

Abstract Background There is a rare need for postoperative non‐invasive positive pressure ventilation (NIPPV) following microvascular reconstruction of the head and neck. In midface reconstruction, the free flap vascular pedicle is especially vulnerable to the compressive forces of positive pressure delivery. Case A 60 year old female with Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis (ALS) presented with squamous cell carcinoma of the anterior maxilla, for which she underwent infrastructure maxillectomy and fibula free flap reconstruction. To avoid tracheotomy, the patient was extubated postoperatively and transitioned to NIPPV immediately utilizing a full‐face positive pressure mask with a soft and flexible sealing layer. The patient was successfully transitioned to NIPPV immediately after extubation. The free flap exhibited no signs of vascular compromise postoperatively, and healed very well. Conclusion Postoperative non‐invasive positive pressure ventilation can be successfully applied following complex microvascular midface reconstruction to avoid tracheotomy in select patients without vascular compromise of the free flap

Subcortical volumetric alterations in four major psychiatric disorders: a mega-analysis study of 5604 subjects and a volumetric data-driven approach for classification.

Differential diagnosis is sometimes difficult in practical psychiatric settings, in terms of using the current diagnostic system based on presenting symptoms and signs. The creation of a novel diagnostic system using objective biomarkers is expected to take place. Neuroimaging studies and others reported that subcortical brain structures are the hubs for various psycho-behavioral functions, while there are so far no neuroimaging data-driven clinical criteria overcoming limitations of the current diagnostic system, which would reflect cognitive/social functioning. Prior to the main analysis, we conducted a large-scale multisite study of subcortical volumetric and lateralization alterations in schizophrenia, bipolar disorder, major depressive disorder, and autism spectrum disorder using T1-weighted images of 5604 subjects (3078 controls and 2526 patients). We demonstrated larger lateral ventricles volume in schizophrenia, bipolar disorder, and major depressive disorder, smaller hippocampus volume in schizophrenia and bipolar disorder, and schizophrenia-specific smaller amygdala, thalamus, and accumbens volumes and larger caudate, putamen, and pallidum volumes. In addition, we observed a leftward alteration of lateralization for pallidum volume specifically in schizophrenia. Moreover, as our main objective, we clustered the 5,604 subjects based on subcortical volumes, and explored whether data-driven clustering results can explain cognitive/social functioning in the subcohorts. We showed a four-biotype classification, namely extremely (Brain Biotype [BB] 1) and moderately smaller limbic regions (BB2), larger basal ganglia (BB3), and normal volumes (BB4), being associated with cognitive/social functioning. Specifically, BB1 and BB2-3 were associated with severe and mild cognitive/social impairment, respectively, while BB4 was characterized by normal cognitive/social functioning. Our results may lead to the future creation of novel biological data-driven psychiatric diagnostic criteria, which may be expected to be useful for prediction or therapeutic selection

Subcortical volumetric alterations in four major psychiatric disorders : a mega-analysis study of 5604 subjects and a volumetric data-driven approach for classification

Differential diagnosis is sometimes difficult in practical psychiatric settings, in terms of using the current diagnostic system based on presenting symptoms and signs. The creation of a novel diagnostic system using objective biomarkers is expected to take place. Neuroimaging studies and others reported that subcortical brain structures are the hubs for various psycho-behavioral functions, while there are so far no neuroimaging data-driven clinical criteria overcoming limitations of the current diagnostic system, which would reflect cognitive/social functioning. Prior to the main analysis, we conducted a large-scale multisite study of subcortical volumetric and lateralization alterations in schizophrenia, bipolar disorder, major depressive disorder, and autism spectrum disorder using T1-weighted images of 5604 subjects (3078 controls and 2526 patients). We demonstrated larger lateral ventricles volume in schizophrenia, bipolar disorder, and major depressive disorder, smaller hippocampus volume in schizophrenia and bipolar disorder, and schizophrenia-specific smaller amygdala, thalamus, and accumbens volumes and larger caudate, putamen, and pallidum volumes. In addition, we observed a leftward alteration of lateralization for pallidum volume specifically in schizophrenia. Moreover, as our main objective, we clustered the 5,604 subjects based on subcortical volumes, and explored whether data-driven clustering results can explain cognitive/social functioning in the subcohorts. We showed a four-biotype classification, namely extremely (Brain Biotype [BB] 1) and moderately smaller limbic regions (BB2), larger basal ganglia (BB3), and normal volumes (BB4), being associated with cognitive/social functioning. Specifically, BB1 and BB2–3 were associated with severe and mild cognitive/social impairment, respectively, while BB4 was characterized by normal cognitive/social functioning. Our results may lead to the future creation of novel biological data-driven psychiatric diagnostic criteria, which may be expected to be useful for prediction or therapeutic selection