Characterizing mixed mode oscillations shaped by noise and bifurcation structure

Many neuronal systems and models display a certain class of mixed mode oscillations (MMOs) consisting of periods of small amplitude oscillations interspersed with spikes. Various models with different underlying mechanisms have been proposed to generate this type of behavior. Stochastic versions of these models can produce similarly looking time series, often with noise-driven mechanisms different from those of the deterministic models. We present a suite of measures which, when applied to the time series, serves to distinguish models and classify routes to producing MMOs, such as noise-induced oscillations or delay bifurcation. By focusing on the subthreshold oscillations, we analyze the interspike interval density, trends in the amplitude and a coherence measure. We develop these measures on a biophysical model for stellate cells and a phenomenological FitzHugh-Nagumo-type model and apply them on related models. The analysis highlights the influence of model parameters and reset and return mechanisms in the context of a novel approach using noise level to distinguish model types and MMO mechanisms. Ultimately, we indicate how the suite of measures can be applied to experimental time series to reveal the underlying dynamical structure, while exploiting either the intrinsic noise of the system or tunable extrinsic noise.Comment: 22 page

3-Bromo-1-(3-chloro­pyridin-2-yl)-N-(4-eth­oxy­phen­yl)-1H-pyrazole-5-carbox­amide

In the title compound, C17H14BrClN4O2, the pyrazole ring is almost coplanar with the benzene ring [dihedral angle = 0.5 (2)°], whereas the pyrazole ring is close to perpendicular to the 3-chloro­pyridine ring [dihedral angle = 73.7 (2)°]. An intra­molecular C—H⋯O hydrogen bond occurs. The dominant inter­action in the crystal packing is an N—H⋯N hydrogen bond, which generates a chain along the c axis. Weak inter­molecular C—H⋯O and C—H⋯N contacts are also observe

Atatürk, Türk Dili ve Yazı İnkılâbı

Özet: Dünyada çok nadir lider bir ömürde hem savaş alanında hem kültür alanında o kadar çok zafer kazanmıştır. Atatürk her yönüyle o nadir liderlerden biridir. O kendi düşünce sistemiyle, öngörüşüyle ve çevreye zamanında motivasyon vererek faaliyete geçirmesiyle Türkiye’ye ve Türk halkına yeni ufuklar açmıştır. Atatürk, bir fikir adamı olarak, milli kültürün temel direklerinden birinin dil olduğunu biliyordu. Bu sebeple konuşma dili ile yazı dilini ve halkın dili ile aydınların dilini yakınlaştırmak için dil inkılâbını teşvik etti. Dil inkılâbının ilk safhası olarak 1 Kasım 1928’de yazı inkılâbı gerçekleşti ve Latin harfleri kanunla kabul edildi. Böylece, yazı inkılâbı, Türk dilinin ve Türk kültürünün tarihinde bir dönüm noktası oldu ve kısa zamanda Türkçe kendi yumuşaklığı ve ahenkliği ile yeniden bütün güzelliğini meydana çıkardı. Anahtar kelimeler: Atatürk, Türk dili, Türk dilinin Latin alfabesi, Türkçede vokaller, Türkçede konsonantlar

Methological quality of systematic reviews and meta-analyses on acupuncture for stroke: a review of review

Objective: To assess the methodological quality of systematic reviews and meta-analyses regarding acupuncture intervention for stroke and the primary studies within them. Methods: Two researchers searched PubMed, Cumulative index to Nursing and Allied Health Literature, Embase, ISI Web of Knowledge, Cochrane, Allied and Complementary Medicine, Ovid Medline, Chinese Biomedical Literature Database, China National Knowledge Infrastructure, Wanfang and Traditional Chinese Medical Database to identify systematic reviews and meta-analyses about acupuncture for stroke published from the inception to December 2016. Review characteristics and the criteria for assessing the primary studies within reviews were extracted. The methodological quality of the reviews was assessed using adapted Oxman and Guyatt Scale. The methodological quality of primary studies was also assessed. Results: Thirty-two eligible reviews were identified, 15 in English and 17 in Chinese. The English reviews were scored higher than the Chinese reviews (P=0.025), especially in criteria for avoiding bias and the scope of search. All reviews used the quality criteria to evaluate the methodological quality of primary studies, but some criteria were not comprehensive. The primary studies, in particular the Chinese reviews, had problems with randomization, allocation concealment, blinding, dropouts and withdrawals, intent-to-treat analysis and adverse events. Conclusions: Important methodological flaws were found in Chinese systematic reviews and primary studies. It was necessary to improve the methodological quality and reporting quality of both the systematic reviews published in China and primary studies on acupuncture for stroke

Effect of esketamine nasal drops on pain in children after tonsillectomy using low temperature plasma ablation

ObjectiveTo explore the effect of esketamine nasal drops on pain in children after tonsillectomy using low-temperature plasma ablation.Methods76 children who underwent tonsillectomy between May 2020 and July 2021, were randomly divided into two groups of 38 cases each. Patients in the control group were treated with conventional medication, while those in the study group were treated with esketamine nasal drops, along with the routine drug treatment. Pain levels of children in the two groups were compared within 1–3 days post-surgery, and the pseudomembrane formation and shedding-off time and recovery time were statistically analyzed.ResultsThe pain level of children in the study group was lower than that of the control group 1–3 days post-surgery. The pseudomembrane formation and shedding-off time and recovery time in the study group were shorter than in the control group (P < 0.05). There was no significant difference in the incidence of adverse reactions between the two groups, and there were no serious adverse reactions in the two groups (P > 0.05).ConclusionIt is safe to use esketamine nasal drops in children after tonsillectomy using low temperature plasma ablation, and this is found to reduce pain and shorten the recovery time

An Estimation of “Energy” Magnitude Associated with a Possible Lithosphere-Atmosphere-Ionosphere Electromagnetic Coupling Before the Wenchuan MS8.0 Earthquake

A large scale of abnormities from ground-based electromagnetic parameters to ionospheric parameters has been recorded during the Wenchuan MS8.0 earthquake. All these results present different anomalous periods, but there seems one common climax leading to a lithosphere-atmosphere-ionosphere electromagnetic coupling (LAIEC) right on May 9, 3 days prior to the Wenchuan main shock. Based on the electron-hole theory, this chapter attempts to estimate the “energy source” magnitude driving this obvious coupling with the Wenchuan focus zone parameters considered. The simulation results show that the total surface charges fall in ~107–108 C, and the related upward electric field is ~108–109 V/m. These corresponding parameters are up to 109 C and 1010 V/m when the main rupture happens, and the order of the output current is up to 107 A. The electric field increasing in the interface between the Earth’s surface and the atmosphere, on one hand, can cause electromagnetic parameter abnormities of ground-based observation, with the range beyond 1000 km. On the other hand, it can accumulate air ionization above pre-earthquake zone and lead to ionospheric anomaly recorded by some spatial seismic monitoring satellites

QT Interval Prolongation Associated with Intramuscular Ziprasidone in Chinese Patients: A Case Report and a Comprehensive Literature Review with Meta-Analysis

Intramuscular (IM) ziprasidone has been associated with QTc interval prolongations in patients with preexisting risk factors. A 23-year-old male Chinese schizophrenia patient experienced an increase of QTc interval of 83 milliseconds (ms) after receiving 20 mg IM ziprasidone (baseline and increased QT/QTc were, respectively, 384/418 and 450/501). This was rated as a probable adverse drug reaction (ADR) by the Liverpool ADR causality assessment tool. A systematic review including all types of trials reporting the effect of IM ziprasidone on the QTc interval prolongation identified 19 trials with a total of 1428 patients. Mean QTc change from baseline to end of each study was -3.7 to 12.8 ms after IM ziprasidone. Four randomized trials (3 of 4 published in Chinese) were used to calculate a meta-analysis of QTc interval prolongation which showed no significant differences between IM ziprasidone and IM haloperidol groups (risk ratio 0.49 to 4.31, 95% confidence interval 0.09 to 19.68, P = 0.06 to 0.41). However, our review included two cases of patients who experienced symptoms probably related to QTc prolongation after IM ziprasidone. Thus, careful screening and close monitoring, including baseline ECG, should be considered in patients receiving IM ziprasidone for the first time