5,248 research outputs found
Explosive Nucleosynthesis from GRB and Hypernova Progenitors: Direct Collapse versus Fallback
The collapsar engine behind long-duration gamma-ray bursts extracts the
energy released from the rapid accretion of a collapsing star onto a
stellar-massed black hole. In a collapsing star, this black hole can form in
two ways: the direct collapse of the stellar core into a black hole and the
delayed collapse of a black hole caused by fallback in a weak supernova
explosion. In the case of a delayed-collapse black hole, the strong
collapsar-driven explosion overtakes the weak supernova explosion before shock
breakout, and it is very difficult to distinguish this black hole formation
scenario from the direct collapse scenario. However, the delayed-collapse
mechanism, with its double explosion, produces explosive nucleosynthetic yields
that are very different from the direct collapse scenario. We present
1-dimensional studies of the nucleosynthetic yields from both black hole
formation scenarios, deriving differences and trends in their nucleosynthetic
yields.Comment: 47 pages, submitted to Ap
Light Curve Calculations of Supernovae from Fallback Gamma-Ray Bursts
The currently-favored model for long-duration gamma-ray bursts (GRBs) invokes
explosions from the collapse of a massive star down to a black hole: either
directly or through fallback. Those GRBs forming via fallback will produce much
less radioactive nickel, and hence it has been argued (without any real
calculation) that these systems produce dim supernovae. These fallback
black-hole GRBs have been recently been argued as possible progenitors of a
newly discovered set of GRBs lacking any associated supernovae. Here we present
the first ever radiation-hydrodynamics calculations of the light-curves
produced in the hypernova explosion by a delayed-fallback gamma-ray burst. We
find that the bolometric light-curve is dominated by shock-deposited energy,
not the decay of radioactive elements. As such, observations of such bursts
actually probe the density in the progenitor wind more than it does the
production of radioactive nickel.Comment: 11 pages (including 3 figures), submitted to ApJ, comments welcom
Nanomechanical characterization of cavity growth and rupture in hydrogen-implanted single-crystal BaTiO3
A thermodynamic model of cavity nucleation and growth in ion-implanted single-crystal BaTiO3 layer is proposed, and cavity formation is related to the measured mechanical properties to better understand hydrogen implantation-induced layer transfer processes for ferroelectric thin films. The critical radius for cavity nucleation was determined experimentally from blistering experiments performed under isochronal anneal conditions and was calculated using continuum mechanical models for deformation and fracture, together with thermodynamic models. Based on thermodynamic modeling, we suggest that cavities grow toward the cracking criteria at a critical blister size whereupon gas is emitted from ruptured cavities. The main driving force for layer splitting is the reduction of the overall elastic energy stored in the implanted region during the cavity nucleation and growth as the gaseous H2 entrapped within the cavities is released. Nanoindentation measurements reveal locally the mechanical property changes within the vicinity of a single cavity. Using the measured mechanical properties at the single-cavity level, we developed three-dimensional strain and stress profiles using finite element method
Stratocumulus cloud height variations determined from surface and satellite observations
Determination of cloud-top heights from satellite-inferred cloud-top temperatures is a relatively straightforward procedure for a well-behaved troposphere. The assumption of a monotonically decreasing temperature with increasing altitude is commonly used to assign a height to a given cloud-top temperature. In the hybrid bispectral threshold method, or HBTM, Minnis et al. (1987) assume that the lapse rate for the troposphere is -6.5/Kkm and that the surface temperature which calibrated this lapse rate is the 24 hour mean of the observed or modeled clear-sky, equivalent blackbody temperature. The International Satellite Cloud Climatology Project (ISCCP) algorithm (Rossow et al., 1988) attempts a more realistic assignment of height by utilizing interpolations of analyzed temperature fields from the National Meteorological Center (NMC) to determine the temperature at a given level over the region of interest. Neither these nor other techniques have been tested to any useful extent. The First ISCCP Regional Experiment (FIRE) Intensive Field Observations (IFO) provide an excellent opportunity to assess satellite-derived cloud height results because of the availability of both direct and indirect cloud-top altitude data of known accuracy. The variations of cloud-top altitude during the Marine Stratocumulus IFO (MSIFO, June 29 to July 19, 1987) derived from surface, aircraft, and satellite data are examined
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