130 research outputs found
Contractualisation et modes de coordination dans la filiĂšre laitiĂšre
AprĂšs la suppression des quotas laitiers en 2015, lâajustement de lâoffre de lait Ă la demande ne sera plus arbitrĂ© par des rĂšgles administratives, mais par les entreprises de la transformation au travers dâun systĂšme de contractualisation. Ce passage dâune rĂ©gulation publique Ă une rĂ©gulation privĂ©e nâest Ă©videmment pas neutre sur la maniĂšre dont le secteur laitier français Ă©voluera au fil des prochaines dĂ©cennies. AprĂšs la mise en Ćuvre de mesures transitoires Ă lâĂ©chelle de lâUE et de la France pour prĂ©parer le secteur Ă la fin des quotas laitiers, de nouveaux modes de gestion de lâoffre verront le jour, mettant, par le biais des Organisations de producteurs, les producteurs directement en relation avec les transformateurs.After the phasing out of milk quotas in 2015, the adjustment of milk supply to the demand will not be settled by administrative rules any longer, but by milk industry companies through a contracting scheme. This shift from public to private regulation is obviously not neutral on the way the French dairy farming sector will evolve over the coming decades. After the implementation of transitional measures across the EU and France to prepare the sector to the end of milk quotas, new rules of supply management will emerge, putting through the Producer Organizations, farmers directly in relation with transformers
Spitzer View of Young Massive Stars in the LMC HII Complexes. II. N159
The HII complex N159 in the Large Magellanic Cloud (LMC) is used to study
massive star formation in different environments, as it contains three giant
molecular clouds (GMCs) that have similar sizes and masses but exhibit
different intensities of star formation. We identify candidate massive young
stellar objects (YSOs) using infrared photometry, and model their SEDs to
constrain mass and evolutionary state. Good fits are obtained for less evolved
Type I, I/II, and II sources. Our analysis suggests that there are massive
embedded YSOs in N159B, a maser source, and several ultracompact HII regions.
Massive O-type YSOs are found in GMCs N159-E and N159-W, which are associated
with ionized gas, i.e., where massive stars formed a few Myr ago. The third
GMC, N159-S, has neither O-type YSOs nor evidence of previous massive star
formation. This correlation between current and antecedent formation of massive
stars suggests that energy feedback is relevant. We present evidence that
N159-W is forming YSOs spontaneously, while collapse in N159-E may be
triggered. Finally, we compare star formation rates determined from YSO counts
with those from integrated H-alpha and 24 micron luminosities and expected from
gas surface densities. Detailed dissection of extragalactic GMCs like the one
presented here is key to revealing the physics underlying commonly used star
formation scaling laws.Comment: 60 pages, 11 figures. Accepted for publication in Astrophysical
Journa
SPITZER VIEW OF YOUNG MASSIVE STARS IN THE LARGE MAGELLANIC CLOUD H II COMPLEXES. II. N 159
The H II complex N 159 in the Large Magellanic Cloud is used to study massive star formation in different environments, as it contains three giant molecular clouds (GMCs) that have similar sizes and masses but exhibit different intensities of star formation. We identify candidate massive young stellar objects (YSOs) using infrared photometry, and model their spectral energy distributions to constrain mass and evolutionary state. Good fits are obtained for less evolved Type I, I/II, and II sources. Our analysis suggests that there are massive embedded YSOs in N 159B, a maser source, and several ultracompact H II regions. Massive O-type YSOs are found in GMCs N 159-E and N 159-W, which are associated with ionized gas, i.e., where massive stars formed a few Myr ago. The third GMC, N 159-S, has neither O-type YSOs nor evidence of previous massive star formation. This correlation between current and antecedent formation of massive stars suggests that energy feedback is relevant. We present evidence that N 159-W is forming YSOs spontaneously, while collapse in N 159-E may be triggered. Finally, we compare star formation rates determined from YSO counts with those from integrated H{alpha} and 24 {mu}m luminosities and expected from gas surfacemore » densities. Detailed dissection of extragalactic GMCs like the one presented here is key to revealing the physics underlying commonly used star formation scaling laws.« les
Energy Resolution Performance of the CMS Electromagnetic Calorimeter
The energy resolution performance of the CMS lead tungstate crystal electromagnetic calorimeter is presented. Measurements were made with an electron beam using a fully equipped supermodule of the calorimeter barrel. Results are given both for electrons incident on the centre of crystals and for electrons distributed uniformly over the calorimeter surface. The electron energy is reconstructed in matrices of 3 times 3 or 5 times 5 crystals centred on the crystal containing the maximum energy. Corrections for variations in the shower containment are applied in the case of uniform incidence. The resolution measured is consistent with the design goals
Potential of Core-Collapse Supernova Neutrino Detection at JUNO
JUNO is an underground neutrino observatory under construction in Jiangmen, China. It uses 20kton liquid scintillator as target, which enables it to detect supernova burst neutrinos of a large statistics for the next galactic core-collapse supernova (CCSN) and also pre-supernova neutrinos from the nearby CCSN progenitors. All flavors of supernova burst neutrinos can be detected by JUNO via several interaction channels, including inverse beta decay, elastic scattering on electron and proton, interactions on C12 nuclei, etc. This retains the possibility for JUNO to reconstruct the energy spectra of supernova burst neutrinos of all flavors. The real time monitoring systems based on FPGA and DAQ are under development in JUNO, which allow prompt alert and trigger-less data acquisition of CCSN events. The alert performances of both monitoring systems have been thoroughly studied using simulations. Moreover, once a CCSN is tagged, the system can give fast characterizations, such as directionality and light curve
Detection of the Diffuse Supernova Neutrino Background with JUNO
As an underground multi-purpose neutrino detector with 20 kton liquid scintillator, Jiangmen Underground Neutrino Observatory (JUNO) is competitive with and complementary to the water-Cherenkov detectors on the search for the diffuse supernova neutrino background (DSNB). Typical supernova models predict 2-4 events per year within the optimal observation window in the JUNO detector. The dominant background is from the neutral-current (NC) interaction of atmospheric neutrinos with 12C nuclei, which surpasses the DSNB by more than one order of magnitude. We evaluated the systematic uncertainty of NC background from the spread of a variety of data-driven models and further developed a method to determine NC background within 15\% with {\it{in}} {\it{situ}} measurements after ten years of running. Besides, the NC-like backgrounds can be effectively suppressed by the intrinsic pulse-shape discrimination (PSD) capabilities of liquid scintillators. In this talk, I will present in detail the improvements on NC background uncertainty evaluation, PSD discriminator development, and finally, the potential of DSNB sensitivity in JUNO
Real-time Monitoring for the Next Core-Collapse Supernova in JUNO
Core-collapse supernova (CCSN) is one of the most energetic astrophysical
events in the Universe. The early and prompt detection of neutrinos before
(pre-SN) and during the SN burst is a unique opportunity to realize the
multi-messenger observation of the CCSN events. In this work, we describe the
monitoring concept and present the sensitivity of the system to the pre-SN and
SN neutrinos at the Jiangmen Underground Neutrino Observatory (JUNO), which is
a 20 kton liquid scintillator detector under construction in South China. The
real-time monitoring system is designed with both the prompt monitors on the
electronic board and online monitors at the data acquisition stage, in order to
ensure both the alert speed and alert coverage of progenitor stars. By assuming
a false alert rate of 1 per year, this monitoring system can be sensitive to
the pre-SN neutrinos up to the distance of about 1.6 (0.9) kpc and SN neutrinos
up to about 370 (360) kpc for a progenitor mass of 30 for the case
of normal (inverted) mass ordering. The pointing ability of the CCSN is
evaluated by using the accumulated event anisotropy of the inverse beta decay
interactions from pre-SN or SN neutrinos, which, along with the early alert,
can play important roles for the followup multi-messenger observations of the
next Galactic or nearby extragalactic CCSN.Comment: 24 pages, 9 figure
Prospective Observational Study on acute Appendicitis Worldwide (POSAW)
Acute appendicitis (AA) is the most common surgical disease, and appendectomy is the treatment of choice in the majority of cases. A correct diagnosis is key for decreasing the negative appendectomy rate. The management can become difficult in case of complicated appendicitis. The aim of this study is to describe the worldwide clinical and diagnostic work-up and management of AA in surgical departments.info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersio
Quelles conditions dâaccĂšs au marchĂ© des Ă©leveurs aprĂšs les quotas laitiers ?
International audienceLa fin des quotas consacre le passage dâune rĂ©gulation administrative et interprofessionnelle Ă un pilotage privĂ© de la filiĂšre laitiĂšre. Cet article sâappuie sur une analyse de la littĂ©rature et sur une enquĂȘte approfondie pour proposer une dĂ©finition institutionnelle des relations contractuelles et une typologie des arrangements contractuels laitiers français. Il montre que la libĂ©ralisation des marchĂ©s se traduit par une dĂ©gradation des conditions dâaccĂšs au marchĂ© des producteurs dâautant plus marquĂ©e que les laiteries refusent de coopĂ©rer et que les producteurs sont peu organisĂ©s. La reprĂ©sentativitĂ© et la montĂ©e en compĂ©tences des Organisations de producteurs (OP) tant en matiĂšre de nĂ©gociation, de gestion des volumes que de crĂ©ation de valeur apparaissent comme des leviers dâaction quâun cadre rĂ©glementaire favorable peut soutenir
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