The Raman Spectrum of Arsenic Trifluoride and the Molecular Constants of AsF3, AsCl3 and PCl3

The Raman spectrum of AsF3 was found to consist of four lines with the frequencies omega1(1), 707; omega2(1), 341; omega3(2), 644; and omega4(2), 274 cm^—1. The selection rules require a pyramidal molecule. Electron diffraction data for AsF3, AsCl3 and PCl3 are used to establish the bond angles. The entropies of the three trihalides were calculated, and the standard free energies of formation of AsCl3(l) and AsCl3(g) were determined to be —65,190 cal. and —62,718 cal., respectively, at 25°

The Raman Spectra of CH3CF3 and CCl2CF2

Because of the interest attached to ethane and ethane-like molecules in connection with the question of free rotation of the CX3 groups with respect to each other, it was considered that the Raman spectrum of CH3CF3 might yield additional information on this point. Inasmuch as the spectrum of the liquid can be conveniently photographed only at low temperatures (b.p. about -40°), the determination of the polarization of the scattered light would be experimentally very difficult and was not attempted. The fact that the frequencies associated with the CF3 group will be considerably different in magnitude from those of the CH3 group may, in the analysis, compensate for the lack of data on polarization. Only the results of the experiments are presented here; the assignment of the frequencies will be given when completed. The Raman spectrum of the ethylene-like molecule CCl2=CF2 was photographed at room temperature with the substance in the liquid state, and the observed shifts are presented here

Method and apparatus for characterizing reflected ultrasonic pulses

The invention is a method of and apparatus for characterizing the amplitudes of a sequence of reflected pulses R1, R2, and R3 by converting them into corresponding electric signals E1, E2, and E3 to substantially the same value during each sequence thereby restoring the reflected pulses R1, R2, and R3 to their initial reflection values by timing means, an exponential generator, and a time gain compensator. Envelope and baseline reject circuits permit the display and accurate location of the time spaced sequence of electric signals having substantially the same amplitude on a measurement scale on a suitable video display or oscilloscope

Acoustic radiation stress measurement

Ultrasonic radio frequency tone-bursts are launched into a sample of material tested. The amplitude of the tone-bursts and the slope of the resulting static displacement pulses are measured. These measurements are used to calculate the nonlinearities of the materials

The transfer of technology to measure skin burn depth in humans

Discussed here is the use of ultrasonic techniques originally used to locate cracks in metal structues to measure burn wound depth in humans. Acoustic impedance, performance tests, and the theoretical model are discussed. Measurements of skin burns on anesthetized pigs made with the the ultrasonic instrumentation were in agreement with diagnoses made by a physician, and subsequently confirmed by the healing process. Researchers felt that the concept proved useful in a clinical setting and that the instrument and concept were ready to extend to the manufacturer

Olfactory Behavior in ApoE Knockout Mice

Apolipoprotein E (apoE), a lipid transporting protein, has been shown to play a vital role in nerve repair and remodeling. Since the olfactory system is in a continuous state of remodeling, the present study tested the hypothesis that apoE is required for normal functioning of the olfactory system. Olfactory function of the wild type (WT) and apoE deficient (apoE KO) mice was assessed by using three standard olfactory tests: 1) the buried food pellet (BFP) test; 2) the odor choice (OC) test; and 3) the odor cued taste avoidance (OCTA) test. The visible food pellet test (VFP) was not used to assess olfactory function, but to rule out lack of motivation to find a buried pellet. ApoE KO mice performed poorly in all the tests as compared to WT mice, except the visible pellet test, in which the apoE KO mice performed better than wild type. ApoE KO mice had significantly longer latency to find the buried pellet than WT mice in the BFP test. In the OC experiment, apoE KO mice were unable to differentiate water from an odorant solution. Furthermore, in the OCTA test, the apoE KO mice were significantly less effective than WT mice at avoiding water containing an odorant and tastant. These data demonstrate that apoE deficiency in apoE KO mice leads to a deficit in olfactory function, suggesting an important role for apoE in the olfactory system

Influence of selection for breast muscle mass on pH and metabolism of supracoracoideus muscle from male and female turkey

The objective of this study was to determine if selection for increased breast muscle mass has affected the supracoracoideus muscle\u27s ability to regulate pH during physical activity in turkeys. The lightweight male line (LM) had the greatest breast muscle mass as a percent of body weight (p \u3c 0.0001), a lower average pH (6.68; p \u3c 0.0001), and greater Lactate Dehydrogenase (293 mmol NADH min-1mug-1 ; p \u3c 0.0001) and Glyceraldehyde Phosphate Dehydrogenase (0.4452 mmol NADH min-1mug-1; p \u3c 0.05) activities than the HM and FL lines. The LM line had the highest ratio (2.33:1) (p \u3c 0.05) of adult to neonatal myosin. Hens had greater breast muscle mass as a percent of body weight than males (p \u3c 0.0001), and a lower average pH (6.62; p \u3c 0.05). This study showed that genetic selection for breast muscle mass resulted in an increased ratio of adult to neonatal myosin and an increased anaerobic capacity, which may predispose birds to a lower ultimate pH during physical activity

Olfactory Behavior in ApoE Knockout Mice

Apolipoprotein E (apoE), a lipid transporting protein, has been shown to play a vital role in nerve repair and remodeling. Since the olfactory system is in a continuous state of remodeling, the present study tested the hypothesis that apoE is required for normal functioning of the olfactory system. Olfactory function of the wild type (WT) and apoE deficient (apoE KO) mice was assessed by using three standard olfactory tests: 1) the buried food pellet (BFP) test; 2) the odor choice (OC) test; and 3) the odor cued taste avoidance (OCTA) test. The visible food pellet test (VFP) was not used to assess olfactory function, but to rule out lack of motivation to find a buried pellet. ApoE KO mice performed poorly in all the tests as compared to WT mice, except the visible pellet test, in which the apoE KO mice performed better than wild type. ApoE KO mice had significantly longer latency to find the buried pellet than WT mice in the BFP test. In the OC experiment, apoE KO mice were unable to differentiate water from an odorant solution. Furthermore, in the OCTA test, the apoE KO mice were significantly less effective than WT mice at avoiding water containing an odorant and tastant. These data demonstrate that apoE deficiency in apoE KO mice leads to a deficit in olfactory function, suggesting an important role for apoE in the olfactory system

Stockmanship Education and Evaluation

This dissertation documents two separate works. The first is an evaluation of WVU SFMS/SOIDC Large Animal Module and the second is the development and use of the Stockman’s Scorecard. The WVU SFMS/SOIDC Large Animal Module provides foundational information on food animal husbandry and veterinary procedures to SOF Combat Medic candidates. A quasi-experimental design was used to determine if the module content resulted in an increase in food animal production knowledge for the participants. Seventy-five percent of the subjects had no previous livestock exposure and only seven percent had previously participated in 4-H or FFA. Matched pair analysis determined that the average improvement of scores, pre-test versus post-test, was significantly greater for those that attended the module (18.5 vs. 0.9). Knowledge of food animal production can assist SOF medics in establishing rapport with indigenous population while on mission. An animal’s action, or inaction, is the direct result of a stockman’s action or inaction. The Stockman’s Scorecard is a novel observation instrument that has been developed to measure the quality of beef cattle stockmanship. Specific handler actions have been weighted based on their perceived negative relationship to cattle stress from handling. The purpose of Chapters II and III of this paper is to 1) establish the validity and reliability of the Stockman’s Scorecard as a tool for the quantitative measurement of beef cattle stockmanship, 2) document the initial use of the scorecard in a beef cattle feedlot setting, and 3) provide further support to its validity by establishing an association with other quantitative and qualitative means of evaluating stockmanship. Face validity for the scorecard was established by a panel of experts. Reliability was determined by pilot testing at three Mid-West feedlot facilities. Trained observers evaluated 19 stockmen using the card and their scores were analyzed using a split-half methodology to calculate a Spearman-Brown coefficient. The instrument constructs were found to be exemplary (Robinson, Shaver, & Wrightsman, 1991) with a coefficient of 0.76 exceeding the threshold of 0.30 for inter-item correlations. To determine the intra-rater reliability, three observers were shown six videos of individuals moving a group of steers from their home pen to the working chute. The observers scored each handler using the scorecard and final scores were used to calculate an intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC) using SPSS (v 25). The observers exhibited a high level of agreement with and ICC = 0.66 which can be classified as good intra-rater reliability. The Scorecard was used at 45 beef feedlots in Texas between March 2018 and April 2019. Eighty-four stockman were observed, and the average score received was an 84.5 (Std Dev = 14.73, range = 20-100). The most frequent mistakes observed were: fills crowd pen/tub over half full (n=39), slow to remove pressure (n=29), uses unnecessary noise (n=25), stands in front and taps rear (n=24), and fails to regulate animal flow through a pinch point (n=22). A strong negative association (ρ = -0.51) was found between the points deducted from the Noise and Physical Contact theme of the Scorecard and the number of animals touched with an electric prod from the BQA Feedyard Assessment. Moderate negative associations were found between the Scorecard final score and the number of animals that vocalize in the chute prior to procedures (ρ = -0.31). Those stockmen that scored above average on the Scorecard were qualitatively observed to be calm and quiet while working with the cattle (Kappa = 0.44). The qualitative disposition of cattle had little effect on the final score of stockmen using the Scorecard (Kappa = 0.17). The use of the Scorecard in a feedlot setting has demonstrated that as stockman scores decrease, there is an increase in the number of negative actions towards cattle and a negative behavioral response of the cattle themselves. Establishment of an association between a stockman’s score using the Stockman’s Scorecard and the animal-based observations from the BQA Feedyard Assessment further strengthens the validity of the Stockman’s Scorecard as a tool to measure the quality of beef cattle stockmanship. The Scorecard has application as a tool to identify specific stockmanship deficiencies in order to target stockmanship training