10 research outputs found
Reliable Client Accounting for Hybrid Content-Distribution Networks
Content distribution networks (CDNs) have started to adopt hybrid designs, which employ both dedicated edge servers and resources contributed by clients. Hybrid designs combine many of the advantages of infrastructurebased and peer-to-peer systems, but they also present new challenges. This paper identifies reliable client accounting as one such challenge. Operators of hybrid CDNs are accountable to their customers (i.e., content providers) for the CDNâs performance. Therefore, they need to offer reliable quality of service and a detailed account of content served. Service quality and accurate accounting, however, depend in part on interactions among untrusted clients. Using the Akamai NetSession client network in a case study, we demonstrate that a small number of malicious clients used in a clever attack could cause significant accounting inaccuracies. We present a method for providing reliable accounting of client interactions in hybrid CDNs. The proposed method leverages the unique characteristics of hybrid systems to limit the loss of accounting accuracy and service quality caused by faulty or compromised clients. We also describe RCA, a system that applies this method to a commercial hybrid content-distribution network. Using trace-driven simulations, we show that RCA can detect and mitigate a variety of attacks, at the expense of a moderate increase in logging overhead
Integrated MoistâThermoelectric Generator for Efficient Waste Steam Energy Utilization
Abstract Industrial waste steam is one of the major sources of global energy losses. Therefore, the collection and conversion of waste steam energy into electricity have aroused great interest. Here, a âtwoâinâoneâ strategy is reported that combines thermoelectric and moistâelectric generation mechanisms for a highly efficient flexible moistâthermoelectric generator (MTEG). The spontaneous adsorption of water molecules and heat in the polyelectrolyte membrane induces the fast dissociation and diffusion of Na+ and H+, resulting in the high electricity generation. Thus, the assembled flexible MTEG generates power with a high openâcircuit voltage (Voc) of 1.81 V (effective area = 1cm2) and a power density of up to 4.75±0.4 ”W cmâ2. With efficient integration, a 12âunit MTEG can produce a Voc of 15.97 V, which is superior to most known TEGs and MEGs. The integrated and flexible MTEGs reported herein provide new insights for harvesting energy from industrial waste steam
Reliable Client Accounting for P2PInfrastructure Hybrids
Content distribution networks (CDNs) have started to adopt hybrid designs, which employ both dedicated edge servers and resources contributed by clients. Hybrid designs combine many of the advantages of infrastructurebased and peer-to-peer systems, but they also present new challenges. This paper identifies reliable client accounting as one such challenge. Operators of hybrid CDNs are accountable to their customers (i.e., content providers) for the CDNâs performance. Therefore, they need to offer reliable quality of service and a detailed account of content served. Service quality and accurate accounting, however, depend in part on interactions among untrusted clients. Using the Akamai NetSession client network in a case study, we demonstrate that a small number of malicious clients used in a clever attack could cause significant accounting inaccuracies. We present a method for providing reliable accounting of client interactions in hybrid CDNs. The proposed method leverages the unique characteristics of hybrid systems to limit the loss of accounting accuracy and service quality caused by faulty or compromised clients. We also describe RCA, a system that applies this method to a commercial hybrid content-distribution network. Using trace-driven simulations, we show that RCA can detect and mitigate a variety of attacks, at the expense of a moderate increase in logging overhead.
Tryptophan-Modulated Nanoscale MetalâOrganic Framework for Coordinated Loading of Biomolecules for Cascade Production of Reactive Oxygen and Nitrogen Species
Owing
to the high surface area and porosity, metalâorganic
frameworks (MOFs) could be utilized as both nanocarriers of biopharmaceuticals
and nanoreactors to organize cascade biological reactions with great
potential in cancer treatment. However, nanoscale MOFs suitable for
biomedical applications rely on harsh preparation conditions. Here,
we utilized tryptophan to modulate the morphology and optical properties
of zeolitic imidazolate framework-8 (ZIF-8) as nanocarrier to efficiently
encapsulate the enzyme and mRNA. Under room temperature in an aqueous
solution, tryptophan would coordinate with zinc ions to form ZIF-8:Trp
with a decreased size from the ÎŒm range to sub-200 nm. In addition,
cargo release could be monitored in real time via fluorescence red-shift
effects. Besides being used as nanocarriers of biomolecules, ZIF-8:Trp
could also be utilized as nanoreactors to induce cascade reactions
to produce reactive oxygen and nitrogen species. Overall, this nanosized
ZIF-8:Trp could provide a new strategy for preparation of cascade
bioreactions and provide new insight for gas therapy
DataSheet_1_Immune-related gene-based prognostic index for predicting survival and immunotherapy outcomes in colorectal carcinoma.docx
IntroductionColorectal cancer shows high incidence and mortality rates. Immune checkpoint blockade can be used to treat colorectal carcinoma (CRC); however, it shows limited effectiveness in most patients.MethodsTo identify patients who may benefit from immunotherapy using immune checkpoint inhibitors, we constructed an immune-related gene prognostic index (IRGPI) for predicting the efficacy of immunotherapy in patients with CRC. Transcriptome datasets and clinical information of patients with CRC were used to identify differential immune-related genes between tumor and para-carcinoma tissue. Using weighted correlation network analysis and Cox regression analysis, the IRGPI was constructed, and KaplanâMeier analysis was used to evaluate its predictive ability. We also analyzed the molecular and immune characteristics between IRGPI high-and low-risk subgroups, performed sensitivity analysis of ICI treatment, and constructed overall survival-related receiver operating characteristic curves to validate the IRGPI. Finally, IRGPI genes and tumor immune cell infiltration in CRC model mice with orthotopic metastases were analyzed to verify the results.ResultsThe IRGPI was constructed based on the following 11 hub genes: ADIPOQ, CD36, CCL24, INHBE, UCN, IL1RL2, TRIM58, RBCK1, MC1R, PPARGC1A, and LGALS2. Patients with CRC in the high-risk subgroup showed longer overall survival than those in the low-risk subgroup, which was confirmed by GEO database. Clinicopathological features associated with cancer progression significantly differed between the high- and low-risk subgroups. Furthermore, KaplanâMeier analysis of immune infiltration showed that the increased infiltration of naĂŻve B cells, macrophages M1, and regulatory T cells and reduced infiltration of resting dendritic cells and mast cells led to a worse overall survival in patients with CRC. The ORC curves revealed that IRGPI predicted patient survival more sensitive than the published tumor immune dysfunction and rejection and tumor inflammatory signatureDiscussionThus, the low-risk subgroup is more likely to benefit from ICIs than the high-risk subgroup. CRC model mice showed higher proportions of Tregs, M1 macrophages, M2 macrophages and lower proportions of B cells, memory B cell immune cell infiltration, which is consistent with the IRGPI results. The IRGPI can predict the prognosis of patients with CRC, reflect the CRC immune microenvironment, and distinguish patients who are likely to benefit from ICI therapy.</p