Étude de la littérature réflexive de la recherche universitaire québécoise en communication médiatique

Thèse numérisée par la Direction des bibliothèques de l'Université de Montréal

De la faillibilité au serf-arbitre : le tournant herméneutique de Paul Ricoeur

Ce mémoire a pour but de montrer que le premier tournant herméneutique de Paul Ricœur en 1960 gravite essentiellement autour de la problématique de la volonté mauvaise. Nous soutenons autrement dit que Ricœur a initialement donné une tournure herméneutique à sa philosophie pour penser le serf-arbitre, c’est-à-dire pour penser la liberté captive d’elle-même. Afin de rendre compte adéquatement de ce tournant, notre attention sera principalement dirigée vers le deuxième tome de la Philosophie de la volonté de Ricœur, Finitude et culpabilité. Notre question se pose ainsi : comment et pourquoi, dans une problématique du mal, Ricœur entame-t-il son tournant herméneutique? Pour y répondre, nous expliciterons le parcours de Ricœur allant de L’homme faillible à La symbolique du mal. Nous verrons dans un premier temps que si le philosophe arrive à thématiser le concept de faillibilité à partir d’une ontologie de la disproportion, si la réflexion a accès à la possibilité du mal, il n’en ira pas de même pour le noème inintelligible que constitue le mal moral. Afin de penser la faute, nous verrons que Ricœur se tournera vers l’herméneutique en se mettant à l’écoute du langage de l’aveu. Ainsi, dans la deuxième partie de notre mémoire, nous expliciterons les trois moments de compréhension (phénoménologique, herméneutique et réflexif) propre à l’herméneutique philosophique de Ricœur de 1960.The purpose of this dissertation is to show that the first hermeneutics turn of Paul Ricœur in 1960 essentially revolves around the problematic of bad will. We argue ie that Ricœur initially gave a hermeneutics twist to his philosophy to think the servile will, that is the freedom captive of itself. To properly account for this turn, our attention was mainly directed to the second volume of the Philosophy of the Will of Ricœur, Faillible man and The symbolism of evil. Our question is this : how and why, in a problematic of evil, Ricœur starts his hermeneutics turn? To answer this question, we will explain the course of Ricœur from Fallible man to The Symbolism of evil. We will see at first that if the philosopher comes to thematize the concept of fallibility from an ontology of disproportion, if the reflection has access to the possibility of evil, it does not go well for the unintelligible noema that is moral evil. To think of the fault, we will see that Ricœur will turn to hermeneutics is by listening to the language of confession. Thus, in the second part of our dissertation, we will explain the three stages of understanding (phenomenological, hermeneutics and reflexive) to own philosophical hermeneutics of Ricœur 1960

Study of the hydrogen escape rate at Mars during Martian years 28 and 29 from comparisons between SPICAM/Mars Express observations and GCM-LMD simulations

EPSC-DPS Joint Meeting 2019, held 15-20 September 2019 in Geneva, Switzerland, id. EPSC-DPS2019-499-2.- © Author(s) 2019. CC Attribution 4.0 license. https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/deed.esWe simulate the 3D Martian hydrogen corona during the Martian years 28 and 29 at different solar longitudes using a set of models of atomic hydrogen density from the surface to the exosphere. These simulations are compared to Mars Express / SPICAM observations and show a strong underestimate of the brightness by our models near southern summer that could be due to an underestimate of the amount of water vapor delivered to the upper atmosphere at this season

No detection of methane on Mars from early ExoMars Trace Gas Orbiter observations

The detection of methane on Mars has been interpreted as indicating that geochemical or biotic activities could persist on Mars today. A number of different measurements of methane show evidence of transient, locally elevated methane concentrations and seasonal variations in background methane concentrations. These measurements, however, are difficult to reconcile with our current understanding of the chemistry and physics of the Martian atmosphere, which-given methane's lifetime of several centuries-predicts an even, well mixed distribution of methane. Here we report highly sensitive measurements of the atmosphere of Mars in an attempt to detect methane, using the ACS and NOMAD instruments onboard the ESA-Roscosmos ExoMars Trace Gas Orbiter from April to August 2018. We did not detect any methane over a range of latitudes in both hemispheres, obtaining an upper limit for methane of about 0.05 parts per billion by volume, which is 10 to 100 times lower than previously reported positive detections. We suggest that reconciliation between the present findings and the background methane concentrations found in the Gale crater would require an unknown process that can rapidly remove or sequester methane from the lower atmosphere before it spreads globally

Martian dust storm impact on atmospheric H₂O and D/H observed by ExoMars Trace Gas Orbiter

Global dust storms on Mars are rare but can affect the Martian atmosphere for several months. They can cause changes in atmospheric dynamics and inflation of the atmosphere, primarily owing to solar heating of the dust. In turn, changes in atmospheric dynamics can affect the distribution of atmospheric water vapour, with potential implications for the atmospheric photochemistry and climate on Mars. Recent observations of the water vapour abundance in the Martian atmosphere during dust storm conditions revealed a high-altitude increase in atmospheric water vapour that was more pronounced at high northern latitudes, as well as a decrease in the water column at low latitudes. Here we present concurrent, high-resolution measurements of dust, water and semiheavy water (HDO) at the onset of a global dust storm, obtained by the NOMAD and ACS instruments onboard the ExoMars Trace Gas Orbiter. We report the vertical distribution of the HDO/H O ratio (D/H) from the planetary boundary layer up to an altitude of 80 kilometres. Our findings suggest that before the onset of the dust storm, HDO abundances were reduced to levels below detectability at altitudes above 40 kilometres. This decrease in HDO coincided with the presence of water-ice clouds. During the storm, an increase in the abundance of H2O and HDO was observed at altitudes between 40 and 80 kilometres. We propose that these increased abundances may be the result of warmer temperatures during the dust storm causing stronger atmospheric circulation and preventing ice cloud formation, which may confine water vapour to lower altitudes through gravitational fall and subsequent sublimation of ice crystals. The observed changes in H2O and HDO abundance occurred within a few days during the development of the dust storm, suggesting a fast impact of dust storms on the Martian atmosphere

1983 à 1989 : sept ans de réflexion sur l’état et l’histoire de la recherche en communication au Québec

What is revealed by the reflexive literature on Quebec academic research on media communication in the eighties? That is the research question of this paper, which proposes an analysis of this literature defined as a genre that makes up its own field of study – here, studies in communication – the primary object of reflection. Mobilized by a preoccupation with the interrelations found in the production of scientific knowledge and its environmental context, the research proposes to tease out one of the two regularly occurring themes that cut across the reflexive literature on Communication Studies in Quebec in the eighties: its identity

Cultural studies, francophonie, études en communication et espaces institutionnels

Depuis une dizaine d’années, les cultural studies sont apparues dans le paysage universitaire et intellectuel de la francophonie. Elles y sont autant l’objet d’une préoccupation parfois craintive que d’enthousiastes initiatives d’intégration universitaire et disciplinaire. L’objectif de cet article est d’examiner ce que les chercheurs de la francophonie « font avec » les cultural studies et « disent à leur propos ». Considérant que les cultural studies possèdent des trajectoires historiques diverses selon les lieux et les époques où elles sont — et furent — mobilisées, et que les discours sur ces trajectoires ont constamment participé à leur perpétuelle redéfinition, faisant de ses discours une partie tout aussi importante des cultural studies que le projet en lui-même, la première partie de l’article est consacrée au développement des cultural studies dans l’espace anglophone depuis cinquante ans. La seconde partie porte sur la situation francophone des cultural studies, depuis leur apparition au Québec dans les années 1980 jusqu’à leur convocation en Europe francophone ces dernières années. Ce portrait historique et analytique permet d’évaluer les modalités de réception actuelle des cultural studies dans la francophonie. Cette adoption s’avère encore bien restreinte, réservée et conflictuelle. La diversité des lieux où elles sont accueillies dans la francophonie, la résistance disciplinaire à leur égard, mais également les espoirs — démesurés? — que la jeune génération semble y mettre, sont des manifestations qui ne peuvent vraiment être expliquées qu’en prenant en compte la complexité de la société française. Cet article présente quelques-unes de ces manifestations qui, à leur tour, participent à la redéfinition permanente des cultural studies, selon l’hypercontextualisation qui les particularise.The ten last years have seen the growth of Cultural Studies on the francophone intellectual and academic scene. This growth has generated as much fearful attention as it has eager initiatives to further the academic institutionalization of Cultural Studies. The aim of this article is to examine what Francophone academics «do with» and «say about» Cultural Studies. Cultural Studies has followed a number of historical trajectories which have varied with the places and periods in which it has developed, and discussion of these trajectories has always contributed to Cultural Studies ongoing redefinition. This discussion has been just as important to Cultural Studies as its stated project. The first part of the article provides an overview of the development of Cultural Studies in the English speaking world over the past fifty years. The second part deals with with the place of Cultural Studies In the Francophone world, from its emergence in Quebec in the 1980s to its being taken up in Francophone Europe in recent years. This historical and analytic look at Cultural Studies will allow us to understand the ways in which Cultural Studies is being received in the Francophone world at the present time. This reception of Cultural Studies has been marked by restraint, reservations and conflicts. The diversity of sites in which it has been taken up within the Francophone world, the disciplinary resistance that confronts it, and, at the same time, the (perhaps unwarranted) hopes invested by younger generations in Cultural Studies are all phenomena which may only be fully understood through a profound understanding of French society. This article examines some of these phenomena, each of which, in its way, has contributed to the ongoing redefinition of Cultural Studies, in a manner faithful to the hyper-contextualization which is one of its traits.Desde hace diez años, los Cultural studies aparecieron en el paisaje universitario e intelectual del espacio francófono. Ellos son objeto de ciertas preocupaciones temerosas y de iniciativas entusiastas de integración universitaria y disciplinaria. El objetivo de este artículo es examinar lo que los investigadores del espacio francófono «hacen con» y «dicen à propósito» de los Cultural studies. Considerando que los Cultural studies poseen trayectorias históricas diversas según los lugares y la épocas donde ellos son y fueron movilizados, y que los discursos sobre esas trayectorias participaron a su perpetua redefinición, la primera parte de este articulo trata del desarrollo de los Cultural studies en el espacio anglófono en los últimos cincuenta años. La segunda parte trata de la situación francoparlante des Cultural studies desde su aparición en Québec en los años 1980, hasta su convocación en Europa francoparlante durante estos últimos anos. Este retrato analítico permite evaluar las modalidades de recepción actual de los Cultural studies en el espacio francófono. Esta adopción de los Cultural studies se revela restringida, limitada y conflictiva. La diversidad de lugares donde ellos son recogidos en el espacio francófono, la resistencia disciplinaria, pero también las esperanzas - ¿desmesuradas?- que la joven generación parece invertir en ellos son manifestaciones que no pueden ser explicadas tomando solo en cuenta la complejidad de la sociedad francesa. Este artículo presenta algunas de esas manifestaciones que participan a la redefinición permanente de los Cultural studies según la hypercontextualización que los particularizan

Effect of the lateral exospheric transport on the horizontal hydrogen distribution at the exobase of Mars

International audienceWe describe the horizontal distribution of hydrogen density at the exobase of Mars as simulated by coupling a 3D GCM with an exospheric balistic model, taking into account the flight balistic time of the exopheric hydrogen atoms. Such a description is more realistic than the assumptions used in our past study [4]. We simulate 4 Martian rotations at three different seasons. The horizontal variations of the hydrogen density at the exobase are reduced when the exospheric balistic transport is included compared to our previous simulations

MAVEN/IUVS Stellar Occultation Measurements of Mars Atmospheric Structure and Composition

International audienceThe Imaging UltraViolet Spectrograph (IUVS) instrument of the Mars Atmosphere and Volatile EvolutioN (MAVEN) mission has acquired data on Mars for more than one Martian year. During this time, beginning with March 2015, hundreds of stellar occultations have been observed, in 12 dedicated occultation campaigns, executed on average every two to three months. The occultations cover the latitudes from 80° S to 75° N and the full range longitude, and local times with relatively sparse sampling. From these measurements we retrieve CO2, O2, and O3 number densities as well as temperature profiles in the altitude range from 20 to 160 km, covering eight order of magnitudes in pressure from ∼2 × 101 to ∼4 × 10−7 Pa. These data constrain the composition and thermal structure of the atmosphere. The O2 mixing ratios retrieved during this study show a high variability from 1.5 × 10−3 to 6 × 10−3; however, the mean value seems to be constant with solar longitude. We detect ozone between 20 and 60 km. In many profiles there is a well defined peak between 30 and 40 km with a maximum density of 1 – 2 × 109 cm−3. Examination of the vertical temperature profiles reveals substantial disagreement with models, with observed temperatures both warmer and colder than predicted. Examination of the altitude profiles of density perturbations and their variation with longitude shows structured atmospheric perturbations at altitudes above 100 km that are likely non‐migrating tides. These perturbations are dominated by zonal wavenumber 2 and 3 with amplitudes greater than 45 %