Genetic variations between indigenous fat-tailed sheep populations

Blood samples were collected from a total 816 sheep of both sexes in three Iranian fat-tailed breeds (Sangsari, Makoei, indigenous sheep on firoozkouh mountain) serum, plasma and erythrocyte were separated and were frozen at -20°C. Variation in their blood proteins, albumin, haemoglobin and transferrin were examined to characterize the breeds and to obtain genetic relationship among them. Only transferrin was polymorphic in all breeds investigated; while albumin was monomorphic for S allele and haemoglobin was fixed for the B allele in three breeds.Keywords: Sangsari, makoei, firoozkouhi, fat-tailed, albumin, transferrin, haemoglobinAfrican Journal of Biotechnology Vol. 9(36), pp. 5993-5996, 6 September, 201

Association of the whole blood potassium polymorphism with resistant to saline in two sheep breeds of different climates of Iran

Abstract The whole blood potassium concentration has shown the bimodal distribution in sheep, which has been classified into LK and HK types; HK allele is recessive to LK with a single gene inheritance. This polymorphism showed different behavior in different environment, which could be due to adaptation process. This research was conducted on the Zel and kermani breed research station, which Kermani breed Research Station has been located in a hot and dry climate with saline drinking water for animals and Zel breed research station has been located in a humid climate with normal drinking water for animals. Kermani breed Sheep: The whole Blood potassium concentration of 188 animals ranged from 8 - 44 m eq/l. The curve of shown that the sheep could be divided into two subpopulation via LK having 8-18 m eq/l of K+ and HK having 23-44 m eq/l of K+ with mean of 12.086±0.2 m eq/l of K+ in the LK type and with mean of 32.614±0.5m eq/l of K+ in the HK types. The frequency of HK gene was found to be 0.902. Concentration of sodium, calcium in whole blood were also determined, the mean and range of blood sodium concentration were 1737.36 and 343-5000.04 ppm respectively. The relationship between potassium and sodium concentrations in whole blood of sheep was significant. And negative estimated phenotypic correlation around -0.19 which was significant. The mean of whole blood sodium concentration was 3020.9 ppm and 2672.5 ppm for LK and HK respectively. Remarkable differences in calcium and magnesium concentrations were not recognized between LK and HK types. Zel breed Sheep: The frequency distribution of blood potassium concentration in the sheep population is presented as a frequency curve. It is seen from the monomodal nature. The curve that the sheep couldnt be divided into two subpopulation and all of animal has shown LK genotype. Blood potassium concentration ranged from 183.15 to 480.1ppm in Zel sheep and the Mean value of blood potassium concentration of Zel LK Animals was 277.37 and all of the zel animal were LK The ferquency of LK gene was found to be close to 1 in Zel sheep.The relationship between potassium and sodium concentration in whole blood of sheep was significant. And negative estimated correlation around –0.35 which was significant. The mean of whole blood sodium concentration was 2806/1 ppm for LK sheep. animals with HK phenotype have active Na-k-pump (i.e. concentration of Na and K in cell regulate with consume energy) but the animal with LK phenotype, concentration of Na and K regulate with simple diffusion and Na-K-pump is semi activeTherefore to regulate of Na and K concentration in cell, the animal with HK genotype can better survive dry climate with nearly saline drinking water

Global incidence, prevalence, years lived with disability (YLDs), disability-adjusted life-years (DALYs), and healthy life expectancy (HALE) for 371 diseases and injuries in 204 countries and territories and 811 subnational locations, 1990–2021: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2021

Background: Detailed, comprehensive, and timely reporting on population health by underlying causes of disability and premature death is crucial to understanding and responding to complex patterns of disease and injury burden over time and across age groups, sexes, and locations. The availability of disease burden estimates can promote evidence-based interventions that enable public health researchers, policy makers, and other professionals to implement strategies that can mitigate diseases. It can also facilitate more rigorous monitoring of progress towards national and international health targets, such as the Sustainable Development Goals. For three decades, the Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors Study (GBD) has filled that need. A global network of collaborators contributed to the production of GBD 2021 by providing, reviewing, and analysing all available data. GBD estimates are updated routinely with additional data and refined analytical methods. GBD 2021 presents, for the first time, estimates of health loss due to the COVID-19 pandemic. Methods: The GBD 2021 disease and injury burden analysis estimated years lived with disability (YLDs), years of life lost (YLLs), disability-adjusted life-years (DALYs), and healthy life expectancy (HALE) for 371 diseases and injuries using 100 983 data sources. Data were extracted from vital registration systems, verbal autopsies, censuses, household surveys, disease-specific registries, health service contact data, and other sources. YLDs were calculated by multiplying cause-age-sex-location-year-specific prevalence of sequelae by their respective disability weights, for each disease and injury. YLLs were calculated by multiplying cause-age-sex-location-year-specific deaths by the standard life expectancy at the age that death occurred. DALYs were calculated by summing YLDs and YLLs. HALE estimates were produced using YLDs per capita and age-specific mortality rates by location, age, sex, year, and cause. 95% uncertainty intervals (UIs) were generated for all final estimates as the 2·5th and 97·5th percentiles values of 500 draws. Uncertainty was propagated at each step of the estimation process. Counts and age-standardised rates were calculated globally, for seven super-regions, 21 regions, 204 countries and territories (including 21 countries with subnational locations), and 811 subnational locations, from 1990 to 2021. Here we report data for 2010 to 2021 to highlight trends in disease burden over the past decade and through the first 2 years of the COVID-19 pandemic. Findings: Global DALYs increased from 2·63 billion (95% UI 2·44–2·85) in 2010 to 2·88 billion (2·64–3·15) in 2021 for all causes combined. Much of this increase in the number of DALYs was due to population growth and ageing, as indicated by a decrease in global age-standardised all-cause DALY rates of 14·2% (95% UI 10·7–17·3) between 2010 and 2019. Notably, however, this decrease in rates reversed during the first 2 years of the COVID-19 pandemic, with increases in global age-standardised all-cause DALY rates since 2019 of 4·1% (1·8–6·3) in 2020 and 7·2% (4·7–10·0) in 2021. In 2021, COVID-19 was the leading cause of DALYs globally (212·0 million [198·0–234·5] DALYs), followed by ischaemic heart disease (188·3 million [176·7–198·3]), neonatal disorders (186·3 million [162·3–214·9]), and stroke (160·4 million [148·0–171·7]). However, notable health gains were seen among other leading communicable, maternal, neonatal, and nutritional (CMNN) diseases. Globally between 2010 and 2021, the age-standardised DALY rates for HIV/AIDS decreased by 47·8% (43·3–51·7) and for diarrhoeal diseases decreased by 47·0% (39·9–52·9). Non-communicable diseases contributed 1·73 billion (95% UI 1·54–1·94) DALYs in 2021, with a decrease in age-standardised DALY rates since 2010 of 6·4% (95% UI 3·5–9·5). Between 2010 and 2021, among the 25 leading Level 3 causes, age-standardised DALY rates increased most substantially for anxiety disorders (16·7% [14·0–19·8]), depressive disorders (16·4% [11·9–21·3]), and diabetes (14·0% [10·0–17·4]). Age-standardised DALY rates due to injuries decreased globally by 24·0% (20·7–27·2) between 2010 and 2021, although improvements were not uniform across locations, ages, and sexes. Globally, HALE at birth improved slightly, from 61·3 years (58·6–63·6) in 2010 to 62·2 years (59·4–64·7) in 2021. However, despite this overall increase, HALE decreased by 2·2% (1·6–2·9) between 2019 and 2021. Interpretation: Putting the COVID-19 pandemic in the context of a mutually exclusive and collectively exhaustive list of causes of health loss is crucial to understanding its impact and ensuring that health funding and policy address needs at both local and global levels through cost-effective and evidence-based interventions. A global epidemiological transition remains underway. Our findings suggest that prioritising non-communicable disease prevention and treatment policies, as well as strengthening health systems, continues to be crucially important. The progress on reducing the burden of CMNN diseases must not stall; although global trends are improving, the burden of CMNN diseases remains unacceptably high. Evidence-based interventions will help save the lives of young children and mothers and improve the overall health and economic conditions of societies across the world. Governments and multilateral organisations should prioritise pandemic preparedness planning alongside efforts to reduce the burden of diseases and injuries that will strain resources in the coming decades. Funding: Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation

Estimation of the Heterosis Effect and Comparison of Growth Curves for Body Weight Trait in Crosses between Two Selected Lines in Japanese Quail

In the current study, two line with short-term divergent selection for high weight (HW) and low weight (LW) at 4 wk of age after 7 generation were analyzed in Coturnix Japonica Quail. HW line was significantly higher than LW line at 28d of age (

Detection of quantitative trait loci affecting milk production traits on 10 chromosomes in Holstein cattle

Sons (n = 71 to 75) of each of six Holstein sires were genotyped at 69 microsatellite loci covering a total of 676 cM on chromosomes 3, 5, 9, 10, 13, 15, 17, 20, 23, and 26. Estimates of quantitative trait loci (QTL) effect and location were made using a least squares interval mapping approach based on daughter yield deviations of sons for 305 d milk, fat, and protein yield and fat and protein percentage. Thresholds for statistical significance of QTL effects were determined from interval mapping of 10,000 random permutations of the data across the bull sire families and within each sire family separately. Analyses combining data across sires indicated the presence of QTL affecting milk, fat, and protein yield on chromosomes 20 and 26 and a QTL affecting fat and protein percentage on chromosome 3. Analyses within each sire family separately indicated the presence of segregating QTL in at least one family on 7 of the 10 chromosomes. Statistically significant estimates of QTL effects on breeding value ranged from 438 to 658 kg of milk, from 17.4 to 24.9 kg of fat, 13.0 to 17.0 kg of protein, 0.04 to 0.17% fat, and 0.07 to 0.10% protein

Genetic variance components for female fertility in Iranian Holstein cows

Linear and threshold animal models were used to estimate genetic parameters for reproductive traits in Iranian Holstein cows. Reproductive traits included days from calving to first service (DFS), number of inseminations to conception (INS), calving interval (CI), days open (DO), and interval between first and last insemination (IFL), pregnancy rate (PR), and success to first insemination (SF). A total of 72,124 records in parity 1 to 6 from 27,113 cows from 1981 to 2007 were used. Estimated heritabilities for reproductive traits were low (below 0.1); SF (0.029) had the lowest and DO and PR had the highest (0.076) heritability. Heritabilities obtained for interval traits were higher than those for categorical and binary traits. Strong genetic correlations were estimated between fertility traits. The results from current study show that fertility is a complex trait and several measurements related to fertility should be combined in a fertility index for selection purposes. © 2011 Elsevier B.V