MITOTIC HEP-2 CELL RECOGNIITON USING SUPPORT VECTOR MACHINE UNDER CLASS SKEW

A person with an autoimmune diseases will became hypersensitive to the surrounding that other normal person would usually not consider at all such as an allergy. This reaction happened when our immune system recognise our normal tissue as a dangerous foreign elements and proceed to attack them. The presence of antinuclear autoantibodies (ANA) in a patient serum can be detected by using the Indirect Immunofluorescence (IIF) image. By adding the mitotic cells into the well, the level of accuracy of the results achieved can be increased. The mitotic cells itself plays a crucial role in diagnosing an autoimmune diseases. This paper will focuses on the extracting the features of a mitotic HEp-2 cell in order to determine the presence of an ANA by noting the cells fluorescent-stained pattern, their intensity and also the presence of the mitotic cell itself. A skewed distribution of both mitotic and non-mitotic cells in the samples will also be considered to ensure the practicality of the project. To assist in the objectives, all the techniques used are explain in more detailed in this paper along with the result obtained by simulation from MATLAB for every steps from pre-processing to user interface menu. The procedures for the recognition of mitotic cells are image acquisition, pre-processing, segmentation, feature extraction and classification. The results obtained were tested using HEp-2 cell image datasets from MIVIA and from collaboration with Hospital Universiti Sains Malaysia (HUSM). The feature extractor used is the gray level co-occurrence matrix (GLCM) and classified using support vector machine (SVM) which will be presented in the RESULTS section

Enhancement of the Abscopal Effect in Radiotherapy by In-situ Delivered CD40 Antibody: Pancreatic Adenocarcinoma Model

Metastasis is the cause of death in most cancers. It has been observed by Mole and others that radiotherapy at one site may lead to regression of metastatic cancer at other sites, which were not irradiated, this phenomenon is called ‘abscopal’ effect. Unfortunately, this regression is not predictable. Few studies observed some enhancement by systemic application of immunoadjuvants, which also has limited application because of generalized adverse effect. The purpose of this study is to evaluate the enhancing and abscopal effect of radiotherapy by in-situ delivered anti-CD40 in the treatment of pancreatic cancer. A syngeneic mouse model of pancreatic adenocarcinoma was generated in C57/BL6 background mouse using Panc02 cell lines in both flanks. The palpable sized tumors of left flanks were treated as four different randomized cohorts: control with no treatment, direct treatment with 5 Gy of radiation, intra tumor treatment with CD40 antibody, and in combination. Tumor growth was measured on both sides. Result shows that in-situ application of CD40 antibody significantly enhances the effect of radiotherapy. Reduction of tumor volume was observed in both sides. The treated tumors (left) show average of 75% reduction of tumor volume by combination treatment compare to 32% reduction by radiation alone. On the untreated side (right), it was 86% reduction with combination treatment compare to 20% reduction with the radiation alone which may be reminiscent of an abscopal effect. This result shows potential for translational studies to significantly extend the use of radiotherapy for the treatment of both localized and metastatic cancers

Effect of Perioperative Instructions on Postoperative Discomforts and Satisfaction Level among Patients Undergoing Thyroidectomy

Context: Thyroidectomy is a type of surgery directed to remove all or part of the thyroid gland. Documented complications after thyroidectomy are rare, but their consequences can often be life-threatening. Patients who receive perioperative instructions about what to expect after the operation often have better coping with postoperative discomforts minimize post-surgical complications and reduce the duration of hospitalization. It also improves patient safety and reduces the anxiety induced by the intervention. In addition to this, it elevates the patient's satisfaction level. So, perioperative instructions are essential. Aim: The present study aims to determine the effect of perioperative instructions on postoperative discomforts and satisfaction levels among patients undergoing thyroidectomy. The study hypothesized that postoperative patients who receive the perioperative instructions exhibit fewer discomforts and more satisfaction than those who do not.Methods: The study utilizes a quasi-experimental (study/control group) design. It was conducted at the Head and Neck Surgical Department of Alexandria Main University Hospital. A convenience sample included 70 adult patients were selected from the setting mentioned above who have enrolled in either study or control groups of 35 patients for each. Three tools were used for data collection. A structured interview questionnaire aimed to assess the socio-demographic characteristics and clinical data of the study subjects. Discomfort assessment scale to rate the patient's level of discomfort against six common postoperative problems. Perioperative instructions patients’ satisfaction questionnaire developed to determine the patients′ satisfaction level regarding perioperative instructions. Results: There were statistically significant differences among the study and control groups in the first, second, and third weeks regarding total discomfort score level, where t=3.606, p=<0.001; t=3.049, p=<0.001; t=21.213, p=<0.001respectively. The studied patients had a higher level of satisfaction compared to those in the control group with statistically significant differences regarding overall scores of satisfaction, and with preoperative instruction, postoperative instruction, and psychological preparation, where t=48.382, p=<0.001; t=6.023, p=<0.001; t=27.997, p=<0.001; t=32.939, p=<0.001respectively. Conclusion: The study hypotheses were accepted as postoperative patients who receive perioperative instructions exhibit less discomfort and a more satisfying level than those who do not. The perioperative instructions should be applied to the care of patients undergoing thyroidectomy to decrease patients' discomfort and increase their satisfaction level

Antioxidant properties of stingless bee honey and its effect on the viability of lymphoblastoid cell line

Research on the medical benefit of stingless bee honey (kelulut honey) is rather new although it has been used as traditional food and additive for ages. The primary objective of our study was to evaluate the antioxidant properties of kelulut honey and its effect on lymphoblastoid cell line. We analysed the antioxidant properties of kelulut honey by ferric reducing antioxidant potential assay, total phenolic and flavonoid contents using UV spectrophotometry. The total phenolic content, total flavonoid content and ferric reducing antioxidant potential of Malaysian kelulut honey produced by Trigona spp. were found to be 844.45 mg RE/kg honey, 78.29 mg RE/kg honey and 1132.66 mM FE/kg honey, respectively. Our findings showed a strong correlation between total phenolics and flavanoids contents with its antioxidant potential at R2 = 0.920 and R2 = 0.951, respectively. The effect of honey on cell viability of lymphoblastoid cell line (LCL) was also investigated. The cells were cultured in RPMI-1640 medium supplemented with 0 - 500 μg/mL of kelulut honey for 24 hours. Cell viability was quantitated using 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-5-(3-carboxymethoxyphenyl)-2-(4-sulfophenyl)-2H-tetrazolium, MTS assay showed that honey supplementation boosted the viability of LCL up to 164.64% (p< 0.01). The significant increase in cell viability might be modulated by the antioxidant properties of kelulut honey

MITOTIC HEP-2 CELL RECOGNIITON USING SUPPORT VECTOR MACHINE UNDER CLASS SKEW

A person with an autoimmune diseases will became hypersensitive to the surrounding that other normal person would usually not consider at all such as an allergy. This reaction happened when our immune system recognise our normal tissue as a dangerous foreign elements and proceed to attack them. The presence of antinuclear autoantibodies (ANA) in a patient serum can be detected by using the Indirect Immunofluorescence (IIF) image. By adding the mitotic cells into the well, the level of accuracy of the results achieved can be increased. The mitotic cells itself plays a crucial role in diagnosing an autoimmune diseases. This paper will focuses on the extracting the features of a mitotic HEp-2 cell in order to determine the presence of an ANA by noting the cells fluorescent-stained pattern, their intensity and also the presence of the mitotic cell itself. A skewed distribution of both mitotic and non-mitotic cells in the samples will also be considered to ensure the practicality of the project. To assist in the objectives, all the techniques used are explain in more detailed in this paper along with the result obtained by simulation from MATLAB for every steps from pre-processing to user interface menu. The procedures for the recognition of mitotic cells are image acquisition, pre-processing, segmentation, feature extraction and classification. The results obtained were tested using HEp-2 cell image datasets from MIVIA and from collaboration with Hospital Universiti Sains Malaysia (HUSM). The feature extractor used is the gray level co-occurrence matrix (GLCM) and classified using support vector machine (SVM) which will be presented in the RESULTS section

Web-based Risk Assessment Technique for Time and Cost Overrun (WRATTCO) – A Framework

AbstractControlling time and cost overrun of construction projects is very crucial in achieving successful completion of any projects. Unfortunately, construction industry today is facing a major risk in achieving completion of project within estimated time and cost. This risk is caused by various factors. Aiming to treat this problem, this study presents a framework for web-based expert and decision support system in order to assess the risk level of causative factors of time and cost overrun on project success throughout the lifecycle of construction process. It will be integrated with project schedule to estimate the consequences of these factors and forecast the loss of time and cost if the risk factors are not controlled. This will be achieving by implanting the technique of neural network. The program will also be able to suggest the corrective actions in order to control the identified risk factors. Finally, various reports can be generated in presenting the associated problems of the factors and their relative impact of project performance

Contrast modification for pre-enhancement process in multicontrast rubeosis iridis images

Existing researchers for rubeosis iridis disease focused on image enhancement as a collective group without considering the multi-contrast of the images. In this paper, the pre-enhancement process was proposed to improve the quality of iris images for rubeosis iridis disease by separating the image into three groups; low, medium and high contrast. Increment, decrement and maintenance of the images’ original contrast were further operated by noise reduction and multi-contrast manipulation to attain the best contrast value in each category for increased compatibility prior subsequent enhancement. As a result, this study proved that there have three rules for the contrast modification method. Firstly, the histogram equalization (HE) filter and increasing the image contrast by 50% will achieve the optimum value for the low contrast category. Experimental revealed that HE filters successfully increase the luminance value before undergoing the contrast modification method. Secondly, reducing the 50% of the image contrast to achieve the optimum value for the high contrast category. Finally, the image contrast was maintained for the middle contrast category to optimise contrast. The mean square error (MSE) and peak signal-to-noise ratio (PSNR) of the outputs were then calculated, yielding an average of 18.25 and 28.87, respectively

Clostridium Difficile Associated Diarrhea in Children with Hematological Malignancy-Experience from a Pediatric Oncologic Centre, Bangladesh

Background: Clostridium difficile Associated Diarrhea (CDAD) is considered to be one of the commonest causes of nosocomial diarrhoea worldwide. Gastrointestinal infections in the form of diarrhoea are common in pediatric oncology patients in Bangabandhu Sheikh Mujib Medical University (BSMMU), Bangladesh. The study was conducted to find out the frequency of Clostridium difficile infection (CDI) among diarrheal children with haematological malignancy. Materials and Methods: This prospective observational study was conducted from April 2012 to March 2013 at the Pediatric Hematology and Oncology Unit, BSMMU, Bangladesh. Total 58 diarrheal episodes occurred in 51 children with various types of haematological malignancies were included consecutively. Faecal samples of the children were sent to International Centre for Diarrheal Disease Research, Bangladesh (ICDDR, B) laboratory for detection of Clostridium difficile antigen (GDH) and toxins (A and/ or B) by Enzyme Immunoassay (EIA). Results: Among 58 diarrheal episodes 22.4% faecal samples were positive for GDH, but none of the faecal samples was positive for toxin A and or B. There were a significant association with leucopenia, severe neutropenia; usage of meropenem plus vancomycin, cefepime plus amikacin, imipenem, cytarabine and omeprazole with GDH positive diarrheal episodes. Conclusion: Positive GDH antigen with a negative result for toxin indicates C. difficile colonization. Among GDH positive episodes, a significantly higher proportion of children had leucopenia, severe neutropenia and usage of some drugs known as risk factors for C. difficile infection. To confirm the CDI advanced tests are needed

COVID-19 & informal settlements: is ‘Stay Home’ safe?

The disproportional burden of coronavirus (COVID-19) and vulnerability to containment measures in informal settlements have been recognised; however, the role of poor housing conditions in propagating these remains neglected. Poor housing conditions makes it difficult to effectively implement social distancing measures. With increased time spent in cramped, dark and uncomfortable indoor environments, water and sanitation outside the home, and no outdoor space, higher exposure to existing health hazards and high levels of stress, with women and children being most vulnerable, are anticipated. Through this commentary paper, we reflect on these interconnections and recommend immediate measures and the long-term need for adequate housing for health and well-being

Association between Glycemic Control and Serum Lipid Profile in type 2 Diabetic Patients: Experience in a Medical College Hospital

Impaired lipid metabolism in diabetic patients can lead to cardiovascular complications. Poor glycaemic control is associated with a significant increase in the risk of both patient’s morbidity and mortality. An early intervention to regulate circulating lipids has been found to lower the risk of cardiovascular problems and death. Glycated hemoglobin (HbA1c) is a reliable indicator of rising blood sugar levels. This hospital based observational study was conducted in the Department of Medicine, Sher-E-Bangla Medical College Hospital, Barisal from October 2014 to March 2015 over a period of 6 month to determine the correlation of glycemic control and lipid profile in patients with type 2 diabetes. A total of 110 type 2 diabe- tes mellitus(DM) patients of both sexes admitted to the Deapartment of Medicine of Sher-E- Bangla Medical College Hospital, Barisal, were recruited for this study. Following standard procedures and protocols, fasting blood sugar (FBS), blood sugar two hours after breakfast, Glycosylated Hemoglobin (HbA1c) and fasting lipid profile were measured. The age of respondents ranged from 34 to 70 years with the mean age of 54.35}8.02 years. Among the patients male were 70 (63.6%) and female were 40 (36.4%). Mean age at diagnosis of DM and duration of DM was 47.07}6.03 years and 7.27}3.41 years, respectively. Mean body mass index (BMI), FBS and HbA1c were 25.02}5.22 kg/m2, 8.06}2.01 mmol/L and 8.34}1.9 % respectively. Significant positive correlation of HbA1c and FBS with BMI, total cholester- ol(TC), triglyceride(TG), low density lipoprotein(LDL-C) and negative correlation with high density lipoprotein (HDL-C) was found. Significantly higher TC, TG and LDL-C and lower HDL-C were found in poor glycemic control (HbA1c ≥ 7) group than good glycemic control (HbA1c &lt; 7 ) group. The results of this study showed that , higher levels of glycemic parame- ters are significantly associated with dyslipidemia. These findings also indicate that HbA1c can be utilized for screening of high risk diabetic patients for early diagnosis of dyslipidemia and timely intervention with lipid lowering drugs. BSMMU J 2021; 14(4): 138-14