Ground receiving station reference pair selection technique for a minimum configuration 3D emitter position estimation multilateration system

Multilateration estimates aircraft position using the Time Difference Of Arrival (TDOA) with a lateration algorithm. The Position Estimation (PE) accuracy of the lateration algorithm depends on several factors which are the TDOA estimation error, the lateration algorithm approach, the number of deployed GRSs and the selection of the GRS reference used for the PE process. Using the minimum number of GRSs for 3D emitter PE, a technique based on the condition number calculation is proposed to select the suitable GRS reference pair for improving the accuracy of the PE using the lateration algorithm. Validation of the proposed technique was performed with the GRSs in the square and triangular GRS configuration. For the selected emitter positions, the result shows that the proposed technique can be used to select the suitable GRS reference pair for the PE process. A unity condition number is achieved for GRS pair most suitable for the PE process. Monte Carlo simulation result, in comparison with the fixed GRS reference pair lateration algorithm, shows a reduction in PE error of at least 70 % for both GRS in the square and triangular configuration

Effect of Avogadro Oil as Corrosion Inhibitor of Thermally Pre-aged Al-Si-Mg Alloy in Sodium Chloride Solution

The corrosion inhibition of thermally pre-aged Aluminium-Silicon-Magnesium (Al-Si-Mg) alloy in 3.5 % NaCl solution with natural Avogadro oil of varying concentrations has been studied using linear polarization techniques. From the results obtained, the corrosion rate decreased with an increase in Avogadro oil concentration. An inhibitor efficiency of 46.7, 58 and 71 % were obtained at 1.5, 3.0, 4.5 g/v Avogadro oil addition in a 3.5 % NaCl solution respectively for the conventional alloy. Results from the linear polarization technique indicate a higher potential value with an increase in the polarization resistance (Rp) and lower current density in the inhibited samples than the uninhibited Al-Si-Mg alloy as obtained from the Tafel plot extrapolation. There exist some levels of correlation in the inhibitor efficiency between the conventional and the thermally pre-aged Al-Si-Mg alloy/Avogadro oil in 3.5 % NaCl solution

EVALUATION OF CHEMICAL CONDITION OF MUNICIPAL SOLID WASTE BEING USED IN SOIL FERTILITY MAINTENANCE IN ZARIA, NIGERIA

This paper reports the results of a study conducted to evaluate the chemical condition and heavy metal contents of MSW being used in soil fertility maintenance by local farmers in Zaria urban area. Samples of the wastes were collected from major dumpsites in six major areas of the town (namely Muchiya, Sabon Gari, Gaskiya, Samaru, Tudun Wada and Gyallesu). The wastes were sorted out to obtain the solid fractions which were digested and analysed for pH, N, P, C, Ca, Mg, K, Na, CEC, BS, Cu, Zn, Mn, Cr, Cd, Ni and Pb using standard procedures. The results obtained indicate that pH values range between 5.60 and 9.50, N 0.39 to 0.70%, P 29.32 to 56.0 ppm, C 2.35 to 4.63 %, Ca 6.20 to 23.44 Cmol/kg, Mg 2.16 to 13.46 Cmol/kg, K 3.82 to 9.32 Cmol/kg, Na 1.22 to 7.57 Cmol/kg, CEC 22 to 58.56 Cmol/kg, % BS 82.25 to 90.02, Cu 0.84 to 7.50 mg/kg, Zn 10.20 to 25.00 mg/kg, Mn 32.0 258.0 mg/kg, Fe, 62.0 to 864 mg/kg, Cr 1.30 top 33.36 mg/kg, Cd 1.45 to 6.20, Ni 1.20 to 53.35 and Pb 1.50 to 13.35. The results obtained thus indicate that the fertility rating of the wastes in the various areas is high to very high, except that of sodium which is rated as low. While Zn, Fe, Cr and Pb exist in high proportions and the remaining heavy metals exist in comparatively lower proportions in the waste samples. The soil fertility maintenance and public health implications of these results are discussed in light of the long term implications of sodium and heavy metal accumulations in soils receiving urban wastes applications in the area

Multiangulation position estimation performance analysis using a Bartlett’s Beamforming Method

In this work, a complete multiangulation system was developed and its performance in term of position estimation (PE) was determined. The developed system uses Bartlett’s beam forming method to estimate AOA of the signal impinging on the 16-element sensor array in a uniform linear array (ULA) geometry at each ground receiving station (GRS). The AOA measurements are then used as input to a linear angulation algorithm for PE. The PE accuracy of the developed system was determined using Monte Carlo simulation and compared with the directional rotating antenna multiangulation system using a square GRS configuration. Simulation results shows that the developed multiangulation PE error is 50% lower than that of the directional rotating antenna system. Furthermore, the PE error of the developed system is higher for emitting sources within the system coverage with position bearings within 610 to 1200 and 2400 to 3000 than other emitting source locations.Keywords: multiangulation system, position estimation, beam forming, Monte Carlo Simulation, position bearin

Study on the Mechanical Properties of Low- Density Polyethylene Cow Horn Powder Composite

Composite formulation has a significant impact on the mechanical properties of polymer materials. This study describes the mechanical properties of cow horn powder reinforced with waste low density polyethylene. The study was performed by recycling waste low density polyethylene and compounding it with the ground cow horn (the white Bororo cow horn). Mechanical and Fourier Transformed infra-red (FTIR) analysis was investigated for various compositions by weight of the formulated samples. The results obtained indicated that the properties of the composites varied with identified properties of the filler reinforcements. The results also showed that the control sample, (which consisted of 150 Mics WLDPE/CH 100/0) had the least tensile test and yield strength of 14.40 Mpa and 3.60 Mpa respectively, while the 150 Mics WLDPE/CH 90/10 had the optimum elastic modulus of 17.54 Mpa and the lowest elongation at break of 359.71%. The infrared spectra of the filler samples revealed absorption peaks within the ranges 4000-650cm-1. The characteristic absorption peaks for the stretch and bend vibrations for the treated and untreated cow horn fillers were 3678 cm-1 and 3652 cm1 . Our results gave evidence that composite combinations of low-density polyethylene have enhanced mechanical and morphological properties

Time of arrival 3-D position estimation using minimum ADS-B receiver configuration

The location from which a signal is transmitted can be estimated using the time it takes to be detected at a receiver. The difference between transmission time and the detection time is known as time of arrival (TOA). In this work, an algorithm for 3-dimensional (3-D) position estimation (PE) of an emitter using the minimum receiving stations configuration was developed. The TOA measurements estimated from three automatic surveillance dependent broadcast (ADS-B) receivers are used to evaluate the performance of the PE algorithm. The result shows that the triangular ADS-B receiver configuration is capable of 3-D PE for emitter locations within 190 km coverage radius and that the altitude estimation error is 2 km higher than the horizontal coordinate estimation error. Within the 3-D PE coverage of the ADS-B receiver, the maximum horizontal and altitude error expected are 0.12 km and 2.2 km respectively.Keywords: TOA, ADS-B, position estimation, minimum configuration, surveillanc

Design of single feed dual-band millimeter wave antenna for future 5G wireless applications

State of the art communication system pave way for microstrip patch antennas to experience rapid development. Nowadays, patch antennas are becoming increasingly popular due to their light weight and low profile making them easy to fabricate and integrate into the feeding network. This paper presented a single feed dual-band band antenna for 5G application operating in the 28 and 38 GHz millimeter wave band with an improved efficiency. The antenna is designed and simulated on Computer Simulation Technology (CST) platform using FR-4 substrate with 0. 8 mm height, 4.67 dielectric constant and 0.002 loss tangent. The total size of the antenna is 8 × 8 mm2, the rectangular radiator of the antenna is 3.4 × 3.4 mm2 in size, where an inverted-L is introduced into the radiator to achieve dual-band capability, The antenna is fed through 50 Ω feed line probe of about 2.3 × 0.4 mm2 in dimension. The results of the simulation shows that the antenna achieved wide bandwidth in the upper band (38 GHz) of about 3.54 GHz (35.56 GHz – 39.12 GHz) with over 6 dB gain and the lower band (28 GHz) produce a bandwidth of about 1430 MHz (27.27 GHz – 28.70 GHz) with 2.7 dB gain suitable for 5G application

Profitability Analysis of Local Chicken Production in Selected Local Government Areas of Kano State, Nigeria

The study was conducted to assess the economics of local chicken production in some selected local government areas of Kano State, Nigeria. Multistage sampling procedure was used to collect data from 104 household farmers. Descriptive statistics and gross margin analysis were employed in achieving the objectives of the study. The results of the study revealed that local chicken farmers in the study area had a mean age of 40.4 years. While majority (61.54% and 87.5%) of them were females and married respectively with a mean household size of 7 members. The study further disclosed that 58.7% of the local chicken farmers had form of formal education with an average monthly income of ₦36, 653.3. The results also showed that the average total variable cost was ₦548.33, the average gross income was ₦1200, and the gross margin of ₦651.67 while the return on capital invested was 1.18. Finally, the major constraints associated with local chicken production are instability of market price (89.42%), inadequate capital (82.69%) and inadequate institutional support (60.58%). It is concluded that local chicken production in the study area is profitable. It is recommended that the community based financial outlet should support local chicken producers in providing adequate capital to produce at commercial level; adjust the utilization of inputs in such a way that reduces the cost of production thus, raises profit