"Communication and Coordination in Organizations" (in Japanese)

This paper analyzes a model of coordination where two agents attempt to coordinate their actions through communication. One agent (Sender) is engaged in finding the true state of nature in a stochastic environment and the action that best fits the state. The other agent (Receiver) in turn tries to ``understand'' the Sender's message and chooses his own action. Since the communication succeeds only probilistically, so does the coordination. In our model, two different modes of coordination are identified: the integral-type coordination based on the communication of soft information and the default-type coordination based on the predetermined default value. We find that the agents might choose the latter mode of coordination when the cost arising from the failed communication is high relative to the benefit from coordinating on the state-contingent best actions. Applications to the economics of organization are also discussed.

A case of pancreatic acinar cell carcinoma metastatic to skin

We report a rare case of pancreatic acinar cell carcinoma with widespread metastases in a 68-year-old woman who presented with subcutaneous nodules as the initial symptom. Computed tomography showed a pancreatic mass with hepatic tumors and enlarged lymph nodes besides ring-enhanced subcutaneous nodules. Magnetic resonance diffusionweighted imaging detected the presence of lesions in other organs. Histological analysis of a colonic polypoid lesion revealed carcinoma with endocrine and acinar differentiation compatible with pancreatic origin. Regrettably, she died of a cerebral infarction without any treatment, and autopsy findings confirmed our diagnosis

INTRODUCTION Clinical trials leading to drug approval (registra- tion trials) play a central role in the drug devel- opment process, and clinical trials in the general View and present status of personnel involved in clinical trials : a survey of particip

. Among the support staff, 36 (80% %) had more than 5 years of experience. The most common questionnaire answer selected for participation in the symposium was "willing to contact staff from other medical institutions or organizations" for support staff and "to obtain further knowledge concerning clinical trials" for medical staff. The overall view of the discussion ("Was the discussion satisfactory?") was favorable for 36 (53% %) respondents. This survey revealed that the group discussion in the present symposium appears to be valuable for participants, using overall satisfaction as a surrogate. Based on the information obtained in the present study, further development of the clinical trial infrastructure, including training opportunities and career development for support staff, is required. Due to the limitations of this study, further analysis is warranted to determine the optimal strategy for training support staff. J. Med. Invest. 58 : 81-85, February, 201

Three-dimensional iodine mapping quantified by dual-energy CT for predicting programmed death-ligand 1 expression in invasive pulmonary adenocarcinoma

Yamagata K., Yanagawa M., Hata A., et al. Three-dimensional iodine mapping quantified by dual-energy CT for predicting programmed death-ligand 1 expression in invasive pulmonary adenocarcinoma. Scientific Reports 14, 18310 (2024); https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-024-69470-9.We examined the association between texture features using three-dimensional (3D) io-dine density histogram on delayed phase of dual-energy CT (DECT) and expression of programmed death-ligand 1 (PD-L1) using immunostaining methods in non-small cell lung cancer. Consecutive 37 patients were scanned by DECT. Unenhanced and enhanced (3 min delay) images were obtained. 3D texture analysis was performed for each nodule to obtain 7 features (max, min, median, mean, standard deviation, skewness, and kurtosis) from iodine density mapping and extracellular volume (ECV). A pathologist evaluated a tumor proportion score (TPS, %) using PD-L1 immunostaining: PD-L1 high (TPS ≥ 50%) and low or negative expression (TPS < 50%). Associations between PD-L1 expression and each 8 parameter were evaluated using logistic regression analysis. The multivariate logistic regression analysis revealed that skewness and ECV were independent indicators associated with high PD-L1 expression (skewness: odds ratio [OR] 7.1 [95% CI 1.1, 45.6], p = 0.039; ECV: OR 6.6 [95% CI 1.1, 38.4], p = 0.037). In the receiver-operating characteristic analysis, the area under the curve of the combination of skewness and ECV was 0.83 (95% CI 0.67, 0.93) with sensitivity of 64% and specificity of 96%. Skewness from 3D iodine density histogram and ECV on dual energy CT were significant factors for predicting PD-L1 expression

Association between interstitial lung abnormality and mortality in patients with esophageal cancer

The version of record of this article, first published in Japanese Journal of Radiology, is available online at Publisher’s website: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11604-024-01563-x.Purpose: To investigate the relationship between interstitial lung abnormalities (ILAs) and mortality in patients with esophageal cancer and the cause of mortality. Materials and methods: This retrospective study investigated patients with esophageal cancer from January 2011 to December 2015. ILAs were visually scored on baseline CT using a 3-point scale (0 = non-ILA, 1 = indeterminate for ILA, and 2 = ILA). ILAs were classified into subcategories of non-subpleural, subpleural non-fibrotic, and subpleural fibrotic. Five-year overall survival (OS) was compared between patients with and without ILAs using the multivariable Cox proportional hazards model. Subgroup analyses were performed based on cancer stage and ILA subcategories. The prevalences of treatment complications and death due to esophageal cancer and pneumonia/respiratory failure were analyzed using Fisher’s exact test. Results: A total of 478 patients with esophageal cancer (age, 66.8 years ± 8.6 [standard deviation]; 64 women) were evaluated in this study. Among them, 267 patients showed no ILAs, 125 patients were indeterminate for ILAs, and 86 patients showed ILAs. ILAs were a significant factor for shorter OS (hazard ratio [HR] = 1.68, 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.10–2.55, P = 0.016) in the multivariable Cox proportional hazards model adjusting for age, sex, smoking history, clinical stage, and histology. On subgroup analysis using patients with clinical stage IVB, the presence of ILAs was a significant factor (HR = 3.78, 95% CI 1.67–8.54, P = 0.001). Subpleural fibrotic ILAs were significantly associated with shorter OS (HR = 2.22, 95% CI 1.25–3.93, P = 0.006). There was no significant difference in treatment complications. Patients with ILAs showed a higher prevalence of death due to pneumonia/respiratory failure than those without ILAs (non-ILA, 2/95 [2%]; ILA, 5/39 [13%]; P = 0.022). The prevalence of death due to esophageal cancer was similar in patients with and without ILA (non-ILA, 82/95 [86%]; ILA 32/39 [82%]; P = 0.596). Conclusion: ILAs were significantly associated with shorter survival in patients with esophageal cancer

Muscle-specific tyrosine kinase-antibody-positive myasthenic crisis with detailed electrophysiologic studies.

A 69-year-old male who presented in a coma due to sudden respiratory arrest was transferred to our hospital. After endotracheal intubation with manual ventilation, he became alert and his neurologic findings were within the normal range, except for palsy of the respiratory muscles. Biochemical analyses of the blood and brain computed tomography failed to indicate the cause of the respiratory arrest. An edrophonium test did not improve the respiratory arrest. An urgent electromyogram at the dorsal interossei, biceps, and sternocleidomastoideus muscle and a repetitive nerve stimulation test at the trapezius and deltoid muscle were also negative on the first hospital day. However, on the 16th day in the hospital, a repetitive nerve stimulation test at the levator labii superioris alaeque nasi showed a waning phenomenon. This result indicated a diagnosis of myasthenia gravis. Anti.muscle-specific tyrosine kinase antibody was found to be positive. After treatment with plasmapheresis and prednisolone, he regained normal respiratory function. Anti.muscle-specific tyrosine kinase (MuSK)-antibodypositive myasthenia gravis (MG) (MuSK-MG) tends to be associated with a lower incidence of a positive edrophonium test, a lower incidence of a positive electrophysiologic study excluding the face, and a higher incidence of respiratory failure in comparison to anti.acetylcholine receptors (AchR)-antibody-positive MG (AchR-MG). Respiratory failure is curable with treatment. Accordingly, in addition to obtaining a precise diagnosis, an emergency physician should recommend an electrophysiologic study including the face to make a differential diagnosis for respiratory arrest when biochemical and radiologic studies fail to indicate the cause of the respiratory arrest

Radiological prediction of tumor invasiveness of lung adenocarcinoma on thin-section CT

To evaluate thin-section computed tomography (CT) (TSCT) features that differentiate adenocarcinoma in situ (AIS), minimally invasive adenocarcinoma (MIA), and invasive adenocarcinoma (IVA), and to determine the size of solid portion on CT that correlates to pathological invasive components. Forty-eight patients were included. Nodules were classified into ground-glass nodule (GGN), part-solid, solid, and heterogeneous. Visual density of GGNs was subjectively evaluated using reference standard images: faint GGN (Ga), −400 HU; and mixed (Ga + Gb, Ga + Gc, and Gb + Gc). The evaluated TSCT findings included margin of nodule, distribution of solid portion, distribution of air bronchiologram, and pleural indentation. The longest diameters of the solid portion and the entire tumor were measured. Invasive diameters were measured in pathological specimens. Twenty-two AISs (16 GGNs [7 Ga, 5 Gb, 2 Gc, 1 Ga + Gc, 1 Gb + Gc], 4 part-solids, and 2 heterogeneous), 6 MIAs (1 GGN [Gb + Gc], 3 part-solids, and 2 solids), and 20 IVAs (1 GGN [Gb], 3 part-solids, and 16 solid) were found. The longest diameter (mean ± standard deviation) of the solid portion and total tumor were 9.7 ± 9.7 and 18.9 ± 5.6 mm, respectively. Significant differences in TSCT findings between AIS and IVA were margin of nodule (Pearson chi-squared test, P = 0.004), distribution of air bronchiologram (P = 0.0148), and pleural indentation (P = 0.0067). A solid portion >5.3 mm on TSCT indicated MIA or IVA, and >7.3 mm indicated IVA (receiver operating characteristic analysis, P 7.3 mm on TSCT indicates IVA

View and present status of personnel involved in clinical trials : a survey of participants from the First Symposium of the Shikoku Collaborative Group for Promotion of Clinical Trials

Clinical trials leading to drug approval (registration trials) play a central role in the drug development process. Since the introduction of the Good Clinical Practice (GCP) standard in 1997, the Japanese infrastructure for registration trials has improved. The contribution of support staff, including clinical research coordinators (CRCs), to clinical trials is now widely recognized in Japan. Quality issues and career development for these support staff are being increasingly emphasized. The Shikoku Collaborative Group for Promotion of Clinical Trials was organized in 2008 to address these issues through communication with the personnel involved in clinical trials in regional areas of Japan. To understand the views and present status of personnel involved in clinical trials, we used questionnaires to survey the participants of the First Symposium of the Shikoku Collaborative Group for Promotion of Clinical Trials held in August 2009. Group discussions and special lectures occurred at the symposium. The questionnaire began with questions about basic patient characteristics, followed by practical questions. Of 110 participants, there were 68 respondents (62%), including clinical trial support staff (clinical research coordinators [n=36, 53%], administrative officers [n=9, 13%]), and medical staff [n=23, 34%]). Among the support staff, 36 (80%) had more than 5 years of experience. The most common questionnaire answer selected for participation in the symposium was “willing to contact staff from other medical institutions or organizations” for support staff and “to obtain further knowledge concerning clinical trials” for medical staff. The overall view of the discussion (“Was the discussion satisfactory?”) was favorable for 36 (53%) respondents. This survey revealed that the group discussion in the present symposium appears to be valuable for participants, using overall satisfaction as a surrogate. Based on the information obtained in the present study, further development of the clinical trial infrastructure, including training opportunities and career development for support staff, is required. Due to the limitations of this study, further analysis is warranted to determine the optimal strategy for training support staff

Application of deep learning (3-dimensional convolutional neural network) for the prediction of pathological invasiveness in lung adenocarcinoma

To compare results for radiological prediction of pathological invasiveness in lung adenocarcinoma between radiologists and a deep learning (DL) system.Ninety patients (50 men, 40 women; mean age, 66 years; range, 40-88 years) who underwent pre-operative chest computed tomography (CT) with 0.625-mm slice thickness were included in this retrospective study. Twenty-four cases of adenocarcinoma in situ (AIS), 20 cases of minimally invasive adenocarcinoma (MIA), and 46 cases of invasive adenocarcinoma (IVA) were pathologically diagnosed. Three radiologists of different levels of experience diagnosed each nodule by using previously documented CT findings to predict pathological invasiveness. DL was structured using a 3-dimensional (3D) convolutional neural network (3D-CNN) constructed with 2 successive pairs of convolution and max-pooling layers, and 2 fully connected layers. The output layer comprises 3 nodes to recognize the 3 conditions of adenocarcinoma (AIS, MIA, and IVA) or 2 nodes for 2 conditions (AIS and MIA/IVA). Results from DL and the 3 radiologists were statistically compared.No significant differences in pathological diagnostic accuracy rates were seen between DL and the 3 radiologists (P>. 11). Receiver operating characteristic analysis demonstrated that area under the curve for DL (0.712) was almost the same as that for the radiologist with extensive experience (0.714; P=. 98). Compared with the consensus results from radiologists, DL offered significantly inferior sensitivity (P=. 0005), but significantly superior specificity (P=. 02).Despite the small training data set, diagnostic performance of DL was almost the same as the radiologist with extensive experience. In particular, DL provided higher specificity than radiologists