44,846 research outputs found
Changes in the US burden of chronic kidney disease from 2002 to 2016: An analysis of the Global Burden of Disease study
Introduction: Over the past 15 years, changes in demographic, social, and epidemiologic trends occurred in the United States. These changes likely contributed to changes in chronic kidney disease (CKD) epidemiology.
Objective: To describe the change in burden of CKD at the US state level from 2002 to 2016.
Design, Setting, and Participants: This systematic analysis used data and methodologies from the 2016 Global Burden of Disease study in the United States. Data on CKD from 2002 to 2016 were examined at the state level.
Main Outcomes and Measures: Disability-adjusted life years (DALYs) and death due to CKD.
Results: In this analysis of data from individuals in the United States, from 2002 to 2016, CKD DALYs increased by 52.6%, from 1 269 049 DALYs (95% uncertainty interval [UI], 1 154 521-1 387 008) to 1 935 954 DALYs (95% UI, 1 747 356-2 124 795). Death due to CKD increased by 58.3%, from 52 127 deaths (95% UI, 51 082-53 076) to 82 539 deaths (95% UI, 80 298-84 652). All states exhibited increases in CKD burden, but the rate of change (2002-2016) and the burden in 2016 varied by state. States in the southern United States (including Mississippi and Louisiana) exhibited more than twice the burden seen in other states (eg, the age-standardized CKD DALY rate in Vermont was 321 [95% UI, 281-363] per 100 000 population, whereas the rate in Mississippi was 697 [95% UI, 620-779] per 100 000 population). In the United States, the increase in CKD DALYs was attributable to increased risk exposure (40.3%), aging (32.3%), and population growth (27.4%). Age-standardized CKD DALY rates increased by 18.6% where increases in metabolic, and to a lesser extent dietary, risk factors contributed 93.8% and 5.3% of this change, respectively. Chronic kidney disease due to diabetes was the primary contributor for the 26.8% increased probability of death due to CKD among the population aged 20 to 54 years; among the population aged 55 to 89 years, the probability of death due to CKD increased by 25.6% and was driven by CKD due to diabetes and decreased probability of death from causes other than CKD. Improvement in sociodemographic development was coupled with an increase in age-standardized CKD DALY rates that occurred at a faster pace than that of other noncommunicable diseases in the United States.
Conclusions and Relevance: Our findings revealed that between 2002 and 2016, the burden of CKD in the United States appeared to be increasing and variable among states. These changes may be associated with increased risk exposure and demographic expansion leading to increased probability of death due to CKD, especially among young adults. The findings suggest that an effort to target the reduction of CKD through greater attention to metabolic and dietary risks, especially among younger adults, is necessary
Simple ultraviolet-based soft-lithography process for fabrication of low-loss polymer polysiloxanes-based waveguides
A simple ultraviolet (UV)-based soft-lithography process is used for fabrication of polymer polysiloxanes (PSQ-L) waveguides. The imprint process is first done on the cladding PSQ-LL layer and is followed by a spin-coating step to fill the imprinted features with core PSQ-LH layer material. The optical loss of the straight PSQ-L waveguides is characterised by the Fabry-Perot method for the first time. Even with non-polished facet of the waveguide, the Fabry-Perot resonance spectrum is obtained. An upper limit scattering loss of the waveguide is extracted to be less than 0.8 +/- 0.2 dB/cm for TE mode and 1.3 +/- 0.2 dB/cm for TM mode at 1550 nm. The fully transferred pattern and low scattering loss proves it to be an effective way to replicate low-loss polymer PSQ-L-based waveguides
Reduced dynamics with renormalization in solid-state charge qubit measurement
Quantum measurement will inevitably cause backaction on the measured system,
resulting in the well known dephasing and relaxation. In this report, in the
context of solid--state qubit measurement by a mesoscopic detector, we show
that an alternative backaction known as renormalization is important under some
circumstances. This effect is largely overlooked in the theory of quantum
measurement.Comment: 12 pages, 4 figure
Electron-Angular-Distribution Reshaping in Quantum Radiation-Dominated Regime
Dynamics of an electron beam head-on colliding with an ultraintense focused
ultrashort circularly-polarized laser pulse are investigated in the quantum
radiation-dominated regime. Generally, the ponderomotive force of the laser
fields may deflect the electrons transversely, to form a ring structure on the
cross-section of the electron beam. However, we find that when the Lorentz
factor of the electron is approximately one order of magnitude larger
than the invariant laser field parameter , the stochastic nature of the
photon emission leads to electron aggregation abnormally inwards to the
propagation axis of the laser pulse. Consequently, the electron angular
distribution after the interaction exhibits a peak structure in the beam
propagation direction, which is apparently distinguished from the
"ring"-structure of the distribution in the classical regime, and therefore,
can be recognized as a proof of the fundamental quantum stochastic nature of
radiation. The stochasticity signature is robust with respect to the laser and
electron parameters and observable with current experimental techniques
Ultrarelativistic polarized positron jets via collision of electron and ultraintense laser beams
Relativistic spin-polarized positron beams are indispensable for future
electron-positron colliders to test modern high-energy physics theory with high
precision. However, present techniques require very large scale facilities for
those experiments.
We put forward a novel efficient way for generating ultrarelativistic
polarized positron beams employing currently available laser fields. For this
purpose the generation of polarized positrons via multiphoton Breit-Wheeler
pair production and the associated spin dynamics in single-shot interaction of
an ultraintense laser pulse with an ultrarelativistic electron beam is
investigated in the quantum radiation-dominated regime. A specifically tailored
small ellipticity of the laser field is shown to promote splitting of the
polarized particles along the minor axis of laser polarization into two
oppositely polarized beams. In spite of radiative de-polarization, a dense
positron beam with up to about 90\% polarization can be generated in tens of
femtoseconds. The method may eventually usher high-energy physics studies into
smaller-scale laser laboratories
Symmetric multiparty-controlled teleportation of an arbitrary two-particle entanglement
We present a way for symmetric multiparty-controlled teleportation of an
arbitrary two-particle entangled state based on Bell-basis measurements by
using two Greenberger-Horne-Zeilinger states, i.e., a sender transmits an
arbitrary two-particle entangled state to a distant receiver, an arbitrary one
of the agents via the control of the others in a network. It will be
shown that the outcomes in the cases that is odd or it is even are
different in principle as the receiver has to perform a controlled-not
operation on his particles for reconstructing the original arbitrary entangled
state in addition to some local unitary operations in the former. Also we
discuss the applications of this controlled teleporation for quantum secret
sharing of classical and quantum information. As all the instances can be used
to carry useful information, its efficiency for qubits approaches the maximal
value.Comment: 9 pages, 3 figures; the revised version published in Physical Review
A 72, 022338 (2005). The detail for setting up a GHZ-state quantum channel is
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