Development of industrially viable geopolymers from treated petroleum fly ash

This paper investigates the development of stable geopolymers using petroleum fly ash with high compressive strength and water absorption to promote cleaner production, sustainability, and recycling of waste. The paper provided detailed characterizations of the petroleum fly ash, which involved the determination of the particle size diameter, density, surface area, pore-volume, mineralogical identification of recording X-ray diffraction pattern, X-ray fluorescence, Fourier transform infrared, thermogravimetric analysis, and scanning electron microscope. Moreover, metals leachability from the petroleum fly ash using different extracting agents, namely H2SO4, H3PO4, (NH4)2SO4, NH4NO3, and NH4O2CCO2H was also considered. Five geopolymers were prepared using different amounts of petroleum fly ash to assess the influence of petroleum fly ash on the final performance of the prepared geopolymers. The results revealed that the petroleum fly ash was carbonaceous in nature and rich in vanadium oxide and nickel oxide with low in SiO2 and Al2O3. Furthermore, it was found that petroleum fly ash has a low calcium level. The maximum extraction values were 15.6% for V and 55.6% for Ni using H2SO4. All the prepared geopolymers displayed high compressive strength for longer curing times, and the water absorption properties of all geopolymers were improved by incorporating more petroleum fly ash. Increasing the petroleum fly ash from 0 vol% to 61 vol% increased the water absorption value from 6.6 to 13.3 wt% for the samples collected after 28 days of curing. It was concluded that the petroleum fly ash did tend to form successful stable geopolymers with high compressive strength and water absorption.Scopu

Active removal of waste dye pollutants using Ta[sub]3N[sub]5/W[sub]18O[sub]49 nanocomposite fibres

A scalable solvothermal technique is reported for the synthesis of a photocatalytic composite material consisting of orthorhombic Ta3N5 nanoparticles and WOx≤3 nanowires. Through X-ray diffraction and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, the as-grown tungsten(VI) sub-oxide was identified as monoclinic W18O49. The composite material catalysed the degradation of Rhodamine B at over double the rate of the Ta3N5 nanoparticles alone under illumination by white light, and continued to exhibit superior catalytic properties following recycling of the catalysts. Moreover, strong molecular adsorption of the dye to the W18O49 component of the composite resulted in near-complete decolourisation of the solution prior to light exposure. The radical species involved within the photocatalytic mechanisms were also explored through use of scavenger reagents. Our research demonstrates the exciting potential of this novel photocatalyst for the degradation of organic contaminants, and to the authors’ knowledge the material has not been investigated previously. In addition, the simplicity of the synthesis process indicates that the material is a viable candidate for the scale-up and removal of dye pollutants on a wider scale

Cellulose nanofiber backboned Prussian blue nanoparticles as powerful adsorbents for the selective elimination of radioactive cesium

On 11 March 2011, the day of the unforgettable disaster of the 9 magnitude Tohoku earthquake and quickly followed by the devastating Tsunami, a damageable amount of radionuclides had dispersed from the Fukushima Daiichi’s damaged nuclear reactors. Decontamination of the dispersed radionuclides from seawater and soil, due to the huge amounts of coexisting ions with competitive functionalities, has been the topmost difficulty. Ferric hexacyanoferrate, also known as Prussian blue (PB), has been the most powerful material for selectively trapping the radioactive cesium ions; its high tendency to form stable colloids in water, however, has made PB to be impossible for the open-field radioactive cesium decontamination applications. A nano/nano combinatorial approach, as is described in this study, has provided an ultimate solution to this intrinsic colloid formation difficulty of PB. Cellulose nanofibers (CNF) were used to immobilize PB via the creation of CNF-backboned PB. The CNF-backboned PB (CNF/PB) was found to be highly tolerant to water and moreover, it gave a 139 mg/g capability and a million (106) order of magnitude distribution coefficient (Kd) for absorbing of the radioactive cesium ion. Field studies on soil and seawater decontaminations in Fukushima gave satisfactory results, demonstrating high capabilities of CNF/PB for practical applications.National Science Foundation (U.S.) (DMR-1507806

Sustainable conversion of agro-wastes into useful adsorbents

Preparation and characterization of raw andactivated carbon derived from three different selectedagricultural wastes: kola nut pod raw and activated (KNPRand KNPA), bean husk raw and activated (BHR and BHA)and coconut husk raw and activated (CHR and CHA) wereinvestigated, respectively. Influences of carbonization andacid activation on the activated carbon were investigatedusing SEM, FTIR, EDX, pHpzcand Boehm titration tech-niques, respectively. Carbonization was done at 350°C for2 h followed by activation with 0.3 M H3PO4(ortho-phosphoric acid). Results obtained from SEM, FTIR, andEDX revealed that, carbonization followed by acid acti-vation had a significant influence on morphology and ele-mental composition of the samples. SEM showed well-developed pores on the surface of the precursors after acidtreatment, FTIR spectra revealed reduction, broadening,disappearance or appearance of new peaks after acid acti-vation. EDX results showed highest percentage of carbonby atom respectively in the order BHA[KNPA[CHArespectively. The pHpzcwas found to be 5.32, 4.57 and 3.69for KNPA, BHA and CHA, respectively. Boehm titrationresult compliments that of pHpzc, indicating that the sur-faces of the prepared adsorbents are predominantly acidic.This study promotes a sustainable innovative use of agro-wastes in the production of cheap and readily availableactivated carbons, thereby ensuring more affordable waterand effluent treatment adsorbents

Multivariate analysis of competitive adsorption of food dyes by activated pine wood

In this work, competitive adsorption of four food dyes (Sunset Yellow, Allura Red, tartrazine, and Brilliant Black) by heated pine wood is studied using multivariate calibration. Partial least squares PLS1 and principal component regression PCR are effectively applied for simultaneous determination of food dyes with high accuracy (96.2–103.6%) and low relative prediction error (2.3–6.9%). Using multivariate calibration, the dyes are detected down to 0.11, 0.15, 0.24, and 0.29 mg L−1. The removal of dyes increased at acidic solution and H-bonding is the main controlling mechanism. The maximum removal capacities (according to Langmuir model) are 3.4, 2.5, 4.8, and 7.1 mg g−1 for tartrazine, Brilliant Black, Allura Red, and Sunset Yellow, respectively, at pH 2.0 and 25°C. The competition factors (CFs) are estimated from the isotherms to assess the degree of competition between dyes toward the surface. The CFs are 0.64, 0.66, 0.77, and 0.77 for Brilliant Black, Allura Red, Sunset Yellow, and tartrazine, respectively. Accordingly, Brilliant Black is the most affected dye while Sunset Yellow and tartrazine are the least affected in multi-solute adsorption. This study demonstrates the useful application of multivariate calibration for studying competitive adsorption of colored pollutants with minimum experimental efforts expenses