Dynamical Gauge Boson and Strong-Weak Reciprocity

It is proposed that asymptotically nonfree gauge theories are consistently interpreted as theories of composite gauge bosons. It is argued that when hidden local symmetry is introduced, masslessness and coupling universality of dynamically generated gauge boson are ensured. To illustrate these ideas we take a four dimensional Grassmannian sigma model as an example and show that the model should be regarded as a cut-off theory and there is a critical coupling at which the hidden local symmetry is restored. Propagator and vertex functions of the gauge field are calculated explicitly and existence of the massless pole is shown. The beta function determined from the $Z$ factor of the dynamically generated gauge boson coincides with that of an asymptotic nonfree elementary gauge theory. Using these theoretical machinery we construct a model in which asymptotic free and nonfree gauge bosons coexist and their running couplings are related by the reciprocally proportional relation.Comment: 19 pages, latex, 6 eps figures, a numbers of corrections are made in the tex

Exact shock solution of a coupled system of delay differential equations: a car-following model

In this paper, we present exact shock solutions of a coupled system of delay differential equations, which was introduced as a traffic-flow model called {\it the car-following model}. We use the Hirota method, originally developed in order to solve soliton equations. %While, with a periodic boundary condition, this system has % a traveling-wave solution given by elliptic functions. The relevant delay differential equations have been known to allow exact solutions expressed by elliptic functions with a periodic boundary conditions. In the present work, however, shock solutions are obtained with open boundary, representing the stationary propagation of a traffic jam.Comment: 6 pages, 2 figure

Multi-Bunch Solutions of Differential-Difference Equation for Traffic Flow

Newell-Whitham type car-following model with hyperbolic tangent optimal velocity function in a one-lane circuit has a finite set of the exact solutions for steady traveling wave, which expressed by elliptic theta function. Each solution of the set describes a density wave with definite number of car-bunches in the circuit. By the numerical simulation, we observe a transition process from a uniform flow to the one-bunch analytic solution, which seems to be an attractor of the system. In the process, the system shows a series of cascade transitions visiting the configurations closely similar to the higher multi-bunch solutions in the set.Comment: revtex, 7 pages, 5 figure

Blood Glucose and Insulin Values on Daily Profile, M Value and Meal Tolerance in Patients with Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus (T2DM)

Background: Authors and collaborators have continued medical practice in the Heisei Medical Welfare (HMW) group for long years for mainly two areas, extensive care for the elderly and diabetes research. From both of them, the current research was held on the daily profile of glucose and insulin for patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). Subjects and Methods: Cases were 6 T2DM patients in admission, with ages 67.5 ± 12.7 years, diabetes duration 9.5 years. Methods included a daily profile of glucose and insulin for seven times per day, Morbus (M) value, Meal Tolerance Test (MTT) using breakfast with 70g carbohydrate, insulinogenic index (IGI)-2 hours, various correlations among HbA1c, M value, Area Under the Curve (AUC) of glucose and insulin. Results: Cases showed average values of HbA1c 8.4 ± 0.7%, glucose 197 mg/dL, M value 111. Glucose and IRI levels increased during 0700-0900h with 154-258 mg/dL and 13.8-54.3 μU/ml. There was a significant correlation between Glucose-⊿AUC and M value (p<0.05). Discussion: Daily profile of glucose and insulin showed a similar manner, suggesting post-prandial glucose influence due to carbohydrate intake. When studied cases increase, significant correlations among M value, HbA1c and glucose-AUC seem to be found. This report hopefully becomes a reference for future diabetic research

Relationship among Frailty, Muscle Volume, Protein Intake in Patients with Chronic Kidney Disease (CKD)

Maintenance of muscle mass and protein intake are closely related. Insufficient protein intake in each meal or a total of three meals causes a decrease in muscle mass. For the elderly, protein intake has been insufficient at breakfast and then a large amount of protein is necessary for stimulating muscle protein synthesis. Consequently, there is a need to more actively and consciously take protein in older age. There have been conflicting results concerning the effect of protein restriction diet on glomerular filtration rate (GFR) in patients with chronic kidney disease (CKD) from the data of various meta-analyses. A beneficial effect and also no significant effect was found. One of the perspectives suggested that protein restriction diet may make slower CKD progression in T1DM and non-DM subjects, but not for T2DM patients. However, further studies will be necessary in the future

Useful Measurement of Glucose Variability by Flash Glucose Monitoring (FGM) with the Efficacy of Sodium-Glucose Cotransporter 2 (SGLT2) Inhibitor

Diabetes has been a crucial medical and social problem worldwide. For adequate nutritional therapy, there have been discussions concerning Calorie Restriction (CR) and Low Carbohydrate Diet (LCD). We have investigated glucose variability of diabetic patients applying CR, LCD, continuous glucose monitoring (CGM) and applied FreeStyle Libre which is flash glucose monitoring (FGM). The patient is a 40-year-old female with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM), who showed BMI 20.7, postprandial blood glucose 257 mg/dL. HbA1c 12.1%, Glycoalbumin 31.6% (11.6-16.4), serum C-peptide 2.0 ng/ml and unremarkable data of liver function, renal, lipids. She was provided the intervention of three stages, which are i) CR with 60% carbohydrate in Day 1-2, ii) LCD meal with 12% carbohydrate in Day 3-5; iii) LCD + Sodium-glucose cotransporter 2 (SGLT2) inhibitor (Ipragliflozin L-Proline 50mg) in Day 6-12. The glucose profile was measured by FreeStyle Libre Pro (Abbott) for 14 days. The daily profile of blood glucose was abruptly decreased on Day 6. Time percentage of satisfactory blood glucose 70-180 mg/dL (/24h) was 0%, 0%, 2%, 14%, 0%, 54%, 100% in Day 1-7, respectively. These results suppose the acute clinical efficacy of SGLT2 inhibitor, and this report would become a reference for future diabetic practice and research

Evaluating Insulin/Glucose Ratio Using Breakfast of Calorie Restriction Meal for Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus

Background: Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) has been a medical and social problem worldwide. For nutritional therapy, Low Carbohydrate Diet (LCD) and Calorie restriction (CR) have discussed for long, where authors continued clinical research. Subjects and Methods: Subjects were 68 patients with T2DM with 62.1 years on average. Methods included i) standard CR was provided a day with 1400 kcal and 60% of carbohydrate, ii) measurement of daily profile of blood glucose, iii) insulinogenic index (IGI) (0-30 mins) exam for breakfast including 70g of carbohydrate, iv) calculation of IGI by delta and Area Under the Curves(AUC). Results: Basal data revealed that HbA1c 7.9%, fasting glucose 163 mg/dL, average glucose in a day 210 mg/dL, M value 117 in the median. Increment of glucose/IRI was 48.0 mg/dL/8.6 μU/mL, respectively. Delta or AUC ratio of IGI was 0.14[0.08-0.26] and 3.3[2.5-5.2], respectively. There were significant correlations between M value and Delta or AUC ratio, with a higher coefficient in the latter. Discussion and Conclusion: IGI study in Meal Tolerance Test (MTT) would be useful for pancreas function evaluation. AUC ratio method has superiority than Delta ratio with higher correlation coefficient. Current results could be the fundamental data for the related range of research, and further development will be expected

Solvable Optimal Velocity Models and Asymptotic Trajectory

In the Optimal Velocity Model proposed as a new version of Car Following Model, it has been found that a congested flow is generated spontaneously from a homogeneous flow for a certain range of the traffic density. A well-established congested flow obtained in a numerical simulation shows a remarkable repetitive property such that the velocity of a vehicle evolves exactly in the same way as that of its preceding one except a time delay $T$. This leads to a global pattern formation in time development of vehicles' motion, and gives rise to a closed trajectory on $\Delta x$-$v$ (headway-velocity) plane connecting congested and free flow points. To obtain the closed trajectory analytically, we propose a new approach to the pattern formation, which makes it possible to reduce the coupled car following equations to a single difference-differential equation (Rondo equation). To demonstrate our approach, we employ a class of linear models which are exactly solvable. We also introduce the concept of ``asymptotic trajectory'' to determine $T$ and $v_B$ (the backward velocity of the pattern), the global parameters associated with vehicles' collective motion in a congested flow, in terms of parameters such as the sensitivity $a$, which appeared in the original coupled equations.Comment: 25 pages, 15 eps figures, LaTe

Latest Perspectives Concerning Renal Rehabilitation for Chronic Kidney Disease (CKD)

Renal rehabilitation for patients with chronic kidney disease (CKD) has been recently in focus. Its standard concept includes improved physical improvement of exercise tolerance, protein-energy wasting (PEW), and quality of life (QOL). International Society of Nephrology (ISN) conducted broad survey and presented a Global Kidney Health Atlas. Kidney Disease: Improving Global Outcomes (KDIGO) has conducted the nomenclature to describe CKD and the glossary in scientific publications. As for renal protective effect, some markers include unchanged/decreased creatinine or Cystatin C, reduction rate of urinary protein excretion (>20%), and reduction of estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) or eGFRcys reduction rate (>30%)