Proses Produksi Dan Pengemasan Yoghurtdicv. Cita Nasional Salatiga

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Siloxane-Terminated Side Chain Engineering of Acceptor Polymers Leading to Over 7% Power Conversion Efficiencies in All-Polymer Solar Cells

To investigate the influence of functional pendent groups on acceptor polymers and photovoltaic properties of all-polymer solar cells (all-PSCs), two novel acceptor polymers containing siloxane-terminated side chains are synthesized and characterized. Increasing the content of siloxane-terminated side chains can reduce π–π stacking distance and improve crystalline behavior, yet lead to poorer solubility of the acceptor polymers. By modulating the proper loadings of siloxane-terminated side chains on the acceptor polymers, the PBDB-T:PNDI-Si25 all-PSC attains a maximal power conversion efficiency (PCE) of 7.4% with an outstanding fill factor of 0.68. The results provide new insights for developing high-performance all-PSCs through functional group engineering on the acceptor polymers, to achieve good solubility, polymer miscibility, and blend morphology

DataSheet_1_Physiological and transcriptomic analysis uncovers salinity stress mechanisms in a facultative crassulacean acid metabolism plant Dendrobium officinale.docx

Dendrobium officinale is a precious medicinal Chinese herb that employs facultative crassulacean acid metabolism (CAM) and has a high degree of abiotic stress tolerance, but the molecular mechanism underlying the response of this orchid to abiotic stresses is poorly understood. In this study, we analyzed the root microstructure of D. officinale plantlets and verified the presence of chloroplasts by transmission electron microscopy. To obtain a more comprehensive overview of the molecular mechanism underlying their tolerance to abiotic stress, we performed whole‐transcriptome sequencing of the roots of 10-month-old plantlets exposed to salt (NaCl) treatment in a time‐course experiment (0, 4 and 12 h). The total of 7376 differentially expressed genes that were identified were grouped into three clusters (P < 0.05). Metabolic pathway analysis revealed that the expression of genes related to hormone (such as auxins, cytokinins, abscisic acid, ethylene and jasmonic acid) biosynthesis and response, as well as the expression of genes related to photosynthesis, amino acid and flavonoid metabolism, and the SOS pathway, were either up- or down-regulated after salt treatment. Additionally, we identified an up-regulated WRKY transcription factor, DoWRKY69, whose ectopic expression in Arabidopsis promoted seed germination under salt tress. Collectively, our findings provide a greater understanding of the salt stress response mechanisms in the roots of a facultative CAM plant. A number of candidate genes that were discovered may help plants to cope with salt stress when introduced via genetic engineering.</p

Phenotype of the node in <i>brm-3</i>, <i>bp-9</i>, and <i>brm-3 bp-9</i> mutants.

<p>(A) <i>brm-3 bp-9</i> showed obvious bend at node (bar = 0.5cm). (B) Quantitative analysis of the angles at the node in Col, <i>brm-3</i>, <i>bp-9</i>, and <i>brm-3 bp-9</i> plants. 50 plants were analyzed. (C) <i>brm-3 bp-9</i> displayed chlorenchyma-deficient (as indicated with red arrow) in the stem (bar = 0.5cm). (D) Transverse section of the stem at the nodes of the wild type and mutants. Arrows indicate the regions in which chlorenchyma development is repressed (bar = 2000 μm).</p

Removal of <i>KNAT2</i> and <i>KNAT6</i> rescues the <i>brm-3</i> phenotype in pedicel orientation and internode length.

<p>(A) Phenotypes of <i>brm-3</i>, <i>brm-3 knat2-5</i>, <i>brm-3 knat6-1</i>, and <i>brm-3 knat2-5 knat6-1</i> plants in pedicel orientation. The arrows indicate the typical pedicel orientation of the mutants. 35-day-old plants were used for phenotype observation. (B) Quantitative analysis of the pedicel orientation in Col, <i>brm-3</i>, <i>brm-3 knat2-5</i>, <i>brm-3 knat6-1</i>, and <i>brm-3 knat2-5 knat6-1</i> plants. (C) Distribution of the internode length between two successive siliques. Ten internodes between the 1st and 11th siliques were analyzed. (D) Quantitative analysis of the pedicle length of mature siliques in 35-day-old Col, <i>brm-3</i>, <i>brm-3 knat2-5</i>, <i>brm-3 knat6-1</i>, and <i>brm-3 knat2-5 knat6-1</i> plants.</p

BP interacts with BRM in yeast two-hybrid and <i>in vitro</i> pull-down assays.

<p>(A) Schematic structures of BP and BRM protein domains. (B,C) Different BRM and BP deletion constructs were cotransformed into the yeast cells GOLD Y2H and plated in DDO. The transformants were also plated on QDO to test for possible interaction. DDO, SD/–Leu/–Trp. QDO, SD/-Leu/-Trp/-His/-Ade. X, x-a-gal. (D) GST-BRM (689-952aa) or GST was incubated with His-BP and His resin, and the bounded proteins were then detected by western blotting using an anti-His antibody. Equal amounts of input His-BP protein were used for pull-down assays.</p

Inflorescence patterns of <i>brm-3</i>, <i>bp-9</i>, and <i>brm-3 bp-9</i> double mutants.

<p>(A) Phenotypes of <i>brm-3</i>, <i>bp-9</i> and <i>brm-3 bp-9</i> double mutants in pedicel orientation. The arrows indicate the typical pedicel orientation of the mutants. 35-day-old plants were used for phenotype observation. (B) Quantitative analysis of the pedicel orientation in Col, <i>brm-3</i>, <i>bp-9</i>, and <i>brm-3 bp-9</i> plants (N≥100). (C) Top view of inflorescence in Col, <i>brm-3</i>, <i>bp-9</i>, and <i>brm-3 bp-9</i> plants (bar = 0.5 cm). (D) Distribution of the internode length between two successive siliques. Ten internodes between the 1st and 11th siliques were analyzed. (E) Phenotype of pedicle elongation of the mature siliques in Col, <i>brm-3</i>, <i>bp-9</i>, and <i>brm-3 bp-9</i> plants (bar = 1 cm). 35-day-old plants were used for phenotype observation. (F) Quantitative analysis of the pedicle length of mature siliques in 35-day-old Col, <i>brm-3</i>, <i>bp-9</i>, and <i>brm-3 bp-9</i> plants.</p

BRM interacts with BP <i>in vivo</i> detected by BiFC and Co-IP assays.

<p>(A) Full length of BRM and BP fused with the C terminus (YC) or the N terminus (YN) of YFP were co-transformed into tobacco cells. As a negative control, BRM and BP fused with YC or YN and empty vectors were also cotransformed into tobacco cells. (B) The amino acids 689–952 of BRM fused with three FLAG tags (BRM-Δ-FLAG), and the full length of BP was fused with a GFP tag. These constructs were co-transformed into tobacco cells by <i>Agrobacterium</i> mediated infiltration assays. Transiently expressed BP-GFP and BRM-Δ-FLAG was immunoprecipitated with an anti-GFP antibody, and then detected by western-blotting assay with an anti-Flag antibody.</p

Histone Deacetylase HDA6 Is Functionally Associated with AS1 in Repression of <em>KNOX</em> Genes in <em>Arabidopsis</em>

<div><p>ASYMMETRIC LEAVES 1 (AS1) is a MYB-type transcription repressor that controls leaf development by regulating <em>KNOX</em> gene expression, but the underlying molecular mechanism is still unclear. In this study, we demonstrated that AS1 can interact with the histone deacetylase HDA6 <em>in vitro</em> and <em>in vivo</em>. The <em>KNOX</em> genes were up-regulated and hyperacetylated in the <em>hda6</em> mutant, <em>axe1-5</em>, indicating that HDA6 may regulate <em>KNOX</em> expression through histone deacetylation. Compared with the single mutants, the <em>as1-1/axe1-5</em> and <em>as2-1/axe1-5</em> double mutants displayed more severe serrated leaf and short petiole phenotypes. In addition, the frequencies of leaf lobes and leaflet-like structures were also increased in <em>as1-1/axe1-5</em> and <em>as2-1/axe1-5</em> double mutants, suggesting that <em>HDA6</em> acts together with <em>AS1</em> and <em>AS2</em> in regulating leaf development. Chromatin immunoprecipitation assays revealed that HDA6 and AS1 bound directly to <em>KNAT1</em>, <em>KNAT2</em>, and <em>KNATM</em> chromatin. Taken together, these data indicate that HDA6 is a part of the AS1 repressor complex to regulate the <em>KNOX</em> expression in leaf development.</p> </div

Frequency of leaflet-like structure.

<p>Leaves from 35-day-old plants were examined.</p>a<p>Number of plants examined.</p>b<p>Numbers in parentheses show the percentages of leaves on which the leaflet-like structure was observed.</p