Analysis of the Duration of Rising Tone Chorus Elements

AbstractThe duration of chorus elements is an important parameter to understand chorus excitation and to quantify the effects of nonlinear wave‐particle interactions on energetic electron dynamics. In this work, we analyze the duration of rising tone chorus elements statistically using Van Allen Probes data. We present the distribution of chorus element duration (τ) as a function of magnetic local time (MLT) and the geomagnetic activity level characterized by auroral electrojet (AE) index. We show that the typical value of τ for nightside and dawnside is about 0.12 s, smaller than that for dayside and duskside by about a factor of 2 to 4. Using a previously developed hybrid code, DAWN, we suggest that the background magnetic field inhomogeneity might be an important factor in controlling the chorus element duration. We also report that τ is larger during quiet times and shorter during moderate and active periods; this result is consistent with the MLT dependence of τ and the occurrence pattern of chorus waves at different levels of geomagnetic activity. We then investigate the correlation between τ and the frequency chirping rate (Γ). We show that, from observation, τ scales with Γ as , suggesting that statistically the frequency range of chorus elements (τΓ) should be roughly the same for different elements. These findings should be useful to the further development of a theoretical model of chorus excitation and to the quantification of nonlinear wave‐particle interactions on energetic electron dynamics

(E)-2,4-Dichloro-6-{1-[(2-chloro­eth­yl)imino]­eth­yl}phenol

The title Schiff base compound, C10H10Cl3NO, was prepared by the condensation of 1-(3,5-dichloro-2-hy­droxy­phen­yl)ethanone with chloro­ethyl­amine. The imine adopts an E configuration with respect to the C=N bond. The H atom of the phenolic OH group is disordered over two positions with site occupation factors of 0.52 (7) and 0.48 (7), respectively, and the major occupancy component is involved in an intramolecular N—H⋯O hydrogen bond. The compound therefore exists in an iminium–phenolate as well as in the imino–phenol form. In the crystal, mol­ecules are connected by C—H⋯O and C—H⋯Cl hydrogen bonds and Cl⋯Cl inter­actions [3.7864 (9) Å] into a three-dimensional network. In addition, inter­molecular π–π stacking inter­actions [centroid–centroid distance = 4.4312 (9) Å] are observed

Identification of hub genes for glaucoma: a study based on bioinformatics analysis and experimental verification

AIM: To explore hub genes for glaucoma based on bioinformatics analysis and an experimental model verification. METHODS: In the Gene Expression Omnibus (GEO) database, the GSE25812 and GSE26299 datasets were selected to analyze differentially expressed genes (DEGs) by the GEO2R tool. Through bioinformatics analysis, 9 hub genes were identified. Receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curves and principal component analysis (PCA) were performed to verify whether the hub gene can distinguish glaucoma from normal eyes. The mouse model of glaucoma was constructed, and the real-time reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR) assay was performed to detect the expression levels of hub genes in glaucoma. RESULTS: There were 128 overlapping DEGs in the GSE25812 and GSE26299 datasets, mainly involved in intracellular signalling, cell adhesion molecules and the Ras signalling pathway. A total of 9 hub genes were screened out, including GNAL, BGN, ETS2, FCGP4, MAPK10, MMP15, STAT1, TSPAN8, and VCAM1. The area under the curve (AUC) values of 9 hub genes were greater than 0.8. The PC1 axle could provide a 70.5% interpretation rate to distinguish glaucoma from normal eyes. In the ocular tissues of glaucoma in the mice model, the expression of BGN, ETS2, FCGR4, STAT1, TSPAN8, and VCAM1 was increased, while the expression of GNAL, MAPK10, and MMP15 was decreased. CONCLUSION: Nine hub genes in glaucoma are identified, which may provide new biomarkers and therapeutic targets for glaucoma

Effects of ACE inhibition on endothelial progenitor cell mobilization and prognosis after acute myocardial infarction in type 2 diabetic patients

OBJECTIVE: We aimed to assess the chemotactic response of endothelial progenitor cells to angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors in T2DM patients after acute myocardial infarction, as well as the associated prognosis. METHODS: Sixty-eight T2DM patients with acute myocardial infarction were randomized to either receive or not receive daily oral perindopril 4 mg, and 36 non-diabetic patients with acute myocardial infarction were enrolled as controls. The numbers of circulating CD45−/low+CD34+CD133+KDR+ endothelial progenitor cells, as well as the stromal cell-derived factor-α and high-sensitivity C reactive protein levels, were measured before acute percutaneous coronary intervention and on days 1, 3, 5, 7, 14, and 28 after percutaneous coronary intervention. Patients were followed up for 6 months. Chinese Clinical Trial Registry: ChiCTR-TRC-12002599. RESULTS: T2DM patients had lower circulating endothelial progenitor cell counts, decreased plasma vascular endothelial growth factor and α levels, and higher plasma high-sensitivity C reactive protein levels compared with non-diabetic controls. After receiving perindopril, the number of circulating endothelial progenitor cells increased from day 3 to 7, as did the plasma levels of vascular endothelial growth factor and stromal cell-derived factor-α, compared with the levels in T2DM controls. Plasma high-sensitivity C reactive protein levels in the treated group decreased to the same levels as those in non-diabetic controls. Furthermore, compared with T2DM controls, the perindopril-treated T2DM patients had lower cardiovascular mortality and occurrence of heart failure symptoms (

The cold-induced basic helix-loop-helix transcription factor gene MdCIbHLH1 encodes an ICE-like protein in apple

<p>Abstract</p> <p>Background</p> <p>Plant growth is greatly affected by low temperatures, and the expression of a number of genes is induced by cold stress. Although many genes in the cold signaling pathway have been identified in <it>Arabidopsis</it>, little is known about the transcription factors involved in the cold stress response in apple.</p> <p>Results</p> <p>Here, we show that the apple bHLH (basic helix-loop-helix) gene <it>MdCIbHLH1 </it>(<it>Cold-Induced bHLH1</it>), which encodes an ICE-like protein, was noticeably induced in response to cold stress. The MdCIbHLH1 protein specifically bound to the MYC recognition sequences in the <it>AtCBF3 </it>promoter, and <it>MdCIbHLH1 </it>overexpression enhanced cold tolerance in transgenic <it>Arabidopsis</it>. In addition, the MdCIbHLH1 protein bound to the promoters of <it>MdCBF2 </it>and favorably contributed to cold tolerance in transgenic apple plants by upregulating the expression of <it>MdCBF2 </it>through the CBF (C-repeat-binding factor) pathway. Our findings indicate that MdCIbHLH1 functions in stress tolerance in different species. For example, ectopic <it>MdCIbHLH1 </it>expression conferred enhanced chilling tolerance in transgenic tobacco. Finally, we observed that cold induces the degradation of the MdCIbHLH1 protein in apple and that this degradation was potentially mediated by ubiquitination and sumoylation.</p> <p>Conclusions</p> <p>Based on these findings, <it>MdCIbHLH1 </it>encodes a transcription factor that is important for the cold tolerance response in apple.</p

The Static Stress Intensity Factor around the Antiplane Crack in an Infinite FGM Strip

The problem of the static stress intensity factor around antiplane crack in an infinite strip functionally graded material was studied by using the method of integral transform-dual integral equations in this paper. The shear modulus in the two principal directions of the functionally graded material was assumed to vary proportionately as gradient model of double parameters index function. The partial differential equation was first reduced to Euler equation with Fourier cosine transform. By solving dual integral equations that were derived by applying the solution of Euler equation with the method of Copson, stress intensity factor around the crack tip was derived. And the variation curves of the dimensionless stress intensity factor with the strip height, crack length, gradient parameter, and inhomogeneous coefficient are obtained by using the numerical calculation

Global Detection of Live Virtual Machine Migration Based on Cellular Neural Networks

In order to meet the demands of operation monitoring of large scale, autoscaling, and heterogeneous virtual resources in the existing cloud computing, a new method of live virtual machine (VM) migration detection algorithm based on the cellular neural networks (CNNs), is presented. Through analyzing the detection process, the parameter relationship of CNN is mapped as an optimization problem, in which improved particle swarm optimization algorithm based on bubble sort is used to solve the problem. Experimental results demonstrate that the proposed method can display the VM migration processing intuitively. Compared with the best fit heuristic algorithm, this approach reduces the processing time, and emerging evidence has indicated that this new approach is affordable to parallelism and analog very large scale integration (VLSI) implementation allowing the VM migration detection to be performed better

Platinum composition dependence of spin-orbit torque in (Fe0.8Mn0.2)1−xPtx single-layer ferromagnet

We have investigated the effect of the Pt composition on the spin–orbit torque in a (Fe0.8Mn0.2)1xPtx single-layer ferromagnet. We observed that while the field-like torque decreases and even reverses sign with increasing the Pt composition, the damping-like torque increases monotonically and reaches 0.99 Oe=ð1010 A=m2Þ in a single-layer (Fe0.8Mn0.2)0.52Pt0.48 film. The results corroborate the anomalous Hall effect and surface spin rotation model presented previously, and the relative ratio between the damping-like and field-like torques can be qualitatively understood as the relative phase change in spin-conserving and spin-flip scattering

Formation of a Salsolinol-like Compound, the Neurotoxin, 1-acetyl-6,7-dihydroxy-1,2,3,4-tetrahydroisoquinoline, in a Cellular Model of Hyperglycemia and a Rat Model of Diabetes

There are statistical data indicating that diabetes is a risk factor for Parkinson\u27s disease (PD). Methylglyoxal (MG), a biologically reactive byproduct of glucose metabolism, the levels of which have been shown to be increase in diabetes, reacts with dopamine to form 1-acetyl-6,7-dihydroxy-1,2,3,4-tetrahydroisoquinoline (ADTIQ); this formation may provide further insight into the connection between PD and diabetes. In this study, we investigated the role of ADTIQ in these two diseases to determine in an aim to enhance our understanding of the link between PD and diabetes. To this end, a cell model of hyperglycemia and a rat model of diabetes were established. In the cell model of hyperglycemia, compared with the control group, the elevated glucose levels promoted free hydroxyl radical formation (