AMI en Latinoamérica Aproximación, análisis y propuesta de medición sobre el contexto de la Alfabetización Mediática e Informacional en América Latina

Esta tesis doctoral desarrolla una metodología para la evaluación de la alfabetización mediática e informacional (AMI), que se basa en los marcos propuestos por la UNESCO (2011, 2013) y la Comisión Europea (Celot y Pérez Tornero, 2009), brindando una adaptación de las recomendaciones diseñadas por estos dos grandes representantes de la AMI aplicable al contexto específico de América Latina. También hace una revisión de literatura sobre las teorías generales relacionadas con la alfabetización mediática e informacional, así como de estudios en AMI llevados a cabo en diferentes países, principalmente en los once seleccionados para esta investigación. De esta manera, se plantea un enfoque amplio sobre la AMI que tiene en cuenta diversos autores e instituciones que trabajan en este campo (ACRL, 2000; Ainley et al., 2012; NAP-ICTL, 2012; Pérez-Tornero, 2007; UNESCO, 2008; Celot y Pérez-Tornero 2009; Lau y Cortés, 2009; Renee Hobbs, 2010; UNESCO, 2011, 2013; Giraldo et al., 2014, entre otros). Teorías relacionadas con la edu-comunicación, la alfabetización mediática, estudios de medios, alfabetización informacional, alfabetización TIC/digital, alfabetizaciones múltiples, etc., han sido comparadas y analizadas. El resultado es la creación de un marco teórico sólido tanto sobre la competencia mediática como sobre la evaluación del contexto AMI. El estudio se basa en un profundo análisis de contenidos que sistematiza variables relacionadas con políticas públicas, planes de estudios, planes nacionales en TIC, seguridad cibernética y elementos relacionados con la AMI en general (alfabetización informacional, alfabetización digital, competencia mediática) en los once países estudiados. También tiene en cuenta un amplio cuestionario aplicado a una muestra de 44 expertos en AMI provenientes de Argentina, Chile, Colombia, Costa Rica, Ecuador, México, Panamá, Perú, República Dominicana, Uruguay y Venezuela. La investigación muestra cómo los países de América Latina se están adaptando a la sociedad del conocimiento -a velocidades bastante diferentes- y describe (y se centra en ello) un escenario de rápido movimiento en el que se observa la manera en que algunos países de la región comienzan a concentrar sus esfuerzos en acciones que van más allá de la fase embrionaria de generación de oportunidades de acceso a las TIC (infraestructura TI en general, programas 1:1, ciber-centros, construcción de redes, etc.). También muestra cómo los países del mismo nivel de ingresos (medio-alto) han llevado a cabo diferentes estrategias digitales que, en algunos casos, han conducido a resultados de alto impacto. El resultado de esta investigación es una propuesta de "Índice de preparación AMI" y un amplio primer mapeo de los factores que favorecen a la AMI en la región.This thesis develops an assessment methodology on Media and Information Literacy (MIL), which is based on the frameworks proposed by UNESCO (2011, 2013) and the European Commission (Celot & Pérez Tornero, 2009), adapting the directions given by these two major representatives in the field of MIL to the specific context of Latin America. It also makes a literature review on media and information literacy general theories as well as on MIL studies carried out in different countries, mainly in the eleven selected for this research. A broad approach to MIL is drafted taking into account several authors and institutions working on this field (ACRL, 2000; Ainley et al., 2012; NAP-ICTL, 2012; Pérez-Tornero, 2007; UNESCO, 2008; Celot & Pérez-Tornero, 2009; Lau & Cortés, 2009; Renee Hobbs, 2010; UNESCO, 2011, 2013; Giraldo et al., 2014, among others). Theories related to edu-communication, media literacy, media studies, information literacy, digital/ICT literacy, multiple literacies, etc. have been compared and analyzed. The result is the creation of a robust theoretical framework both on media competence and on MIL context assessment. The study relies on a deep content analysis that systematizes variables related to public policy, school curriculum, ICT plans, cyber-security, and media and information literacy elements (informational literacy, digital literacy, media competence) in the eleven countries studied. It also takes into account a comprehensive questionnaire with a sample of 44 MIL experts from Argentina, Chile, Colombia, Costa Rica, Ecuador, Mexico, Panama, Peru, Dominican Republic, Uruguay and Venezuela. The research shows how countries in Latin America are adapting to the Knowledge Society -at very different speeds- and describes (and focuses on) a fast-moving scenario where some countries of the region are starting to concentrate their efforts on actions that go beyond the embryonic stage of generating opportunities to access ICT (general IT infrastructure, 1:1 programs, cyber-centers, networks building, etc.). It also shows how countries on the same income level (mid-high) have run very different digital strategies which, in some cases, have led to high impact outcomes. The result of this research is a "MIL Readiness Index" proposal and a rich first mapping of the MIL enabling factors in the region

Three new triterpenoid saponins from the roots of <i>Ardisia crenata</i> and their cytotoxic activities

<p>Three new triterpenoid saponins, ardisicrenoside <b>O</b> (<b>1</b>), ardisicrenoside <b>P</b> (<b>2</b>) and ardisicrenoside <b>Q</b> (<b>3</b>) together with three known compounds, 3β,16α-dihydroxy-30-methoxy-28, 30-epoxy-olean-12-en, cyclamiretin A 3-O-β-d-glucopyranosyl-(1→2) -α-l-arabinopyranoside and cyclamiretin A 3-<i>O</i>-β-d-glucopyranosyl-(1→4) -α-l-arabinopyranoside were isolated from the roots of <i>Ardisia crenata</i> Sims. Their structures were determined by one- and two-dimensional NMR techniques, including HSQC, HMBC and TOCSY experiments, as well as acid hydrolysis and GC analysis. All isolates were evaluated for the cytotoxic activities on two human cancer cell lines and compounds <b>3, 5</b> and <b>6</b> showed significant cytotoxicity.</p

Puberunine and Puberudine, Two New C₁₈-Diterpenoid Alkaloids from <i>Aconitum barbatum</i> var. <i>puberulum</i>

Two C₁₈-diterpenoid alkaloids, puberunine (<b>1</b>) and puberudine (<b>2</b>), together with four other new alkaloids, including the first examples having β-oriented substitution at C-3 and a rare chloro-substituent were isolated from <i>Aconitum barbatum</i> var. <i>puberulum</i>. Their structures were elucidated by spectroscopic methods. Puberunine and puberudine, which possess a unique rearranged E ring and an opened A ring, respectively, represent new subtypes of the C₁₈-diterpenoid alkaloids. A plausible biosynthetic pathway of <b>1</b> and <b>2</b> was proposed

Norsampsones A–D, Four New Decarbonyl Polycyclic Polyprenylated Acylphloroglucinols from <i>Hypericum sampsonii</i>

Norsampsones A–D (<b>1</b>–<b>4</b>), four new decarbonyl polycyclic polyprenylated acylphloroglucinols, together with a new biogenetically related compound hypersampsone M (<b>5</b>), were isolated from the aerial parts of <i>Hypericum sampsonii</i>. Norsampsones A–D featured an unprecedented carbon skeleton with the loss of C-2 carbonyl in the phloroglucinol ring. All structures were determined by extensive NMR spectroscopic methods, ECD calculation, and single-crystal X-ray diffraction

Dioxasampsones A and B, Two Polycyclic Polyprenylated Acylphloroglucinols with Unusual Epoxy-Ring-Fused Skeleton from Hypericum sampsonii

Dioxasampsones A and B (<b>1</b> and <b>2</b>), two new polycyclic polyprenylated acylphloroglucinols with an unusual epoxy-ring-fused skeleton by new ways of cyclization, along with a new nor-PPAPs hypersampson R (<b>3</b>) with the loss of C-31–33 in isopentenyl, were isolated from the aerial parts of Hypericum sampsonii. <b>1</b> possessed an unexpected hexacyclic skeleton with a rare 2,7-dioxabicyclo[2.2.1]­heptane moiety, and <b>2</b> featured a unique tetrahydrofuro­[3,4-<i>b</i>]­furan-fused tricycle­[4.3.1.1^5,7]­undecane skeleton. The gross structures of the new compounds were determined by extensive NMR spectroscopic methods. Their absolute configurations were deduced by single-crystal X-ray diffraction and ECD calculations

Flavonoids from Matteuccia struthiopteris and Their Anti-influenza Virus (H1N1) Activity

Seven new flavonoid glycosides (<b>1</b>–<b>7</b>), matteflavosides A–G, together with 12 known flavonoids (<b>8</b>–<b>19</b>) were isolated from the rhizomes of Matteuccia struthiopteris (L.) Todar. Their structures were established via the analyses of extensive spectroscopic data. All compounds were evaluated for their anti-influenza virus (H1N1) activity using the neuraminidase inhibition assay. The results showed that compound <b>7</b> exhibited significant inhibitory activity against the H1N1 influenza virus neuraminidase with an EC₅₀ value of 6.8 ± 1.1 μM and an SI value of 34.4, and compounds <b>8</b> and <b>17</b> showed moderate inhibitory activity

Dioxasampsones A and B, Two Polycyclic Polyprenylated Acylphloroglucinols with Unusual Epoxy-Ring-Fused Skeleton from Hypericum sampsonii

Dioxasampsones A and B (<b>1</b> and <b>2</b>), two new polycyclic polyprenylated acylphloroglucinols with an unusual epoxy-ring-fused skeleton by new ways of cyclization, along with a new nor-PPAPs hypersampson R (<b>3</b>) with the loss of C-31–33 in isopentenyl, were isolated from the aerial parts of Hypericum sampsonii. <b>1</b> possessed an unexpected hexacyclic skeleton with a rare 2,7-dioxabicyclo[2.2.1]­heptane moiety, and <b>2</b> featured a unique tetrahydrofuro­[3,4-<i>b</i>]­furan-fused tricycle­[4.3.1.1^5,7]­undecane skeleton. The gross structures of the new compounds were determined by extensive NMR spectroscopic methods. Their absolute configurations were deduced by single-crystal X-ray diffraction and ECD calculations

Key characteristics for histopathological identification and histopathological data analysis.

<p>ON lesion was found with trabecular bone containing considerable empty lacunae and lack of marrow cells (B) when compared to normal bone (A). In ON⁺ rabbits, thrombi were predominantly found in small marrow vessels with lack of angiographic particles (C), and marrow was predominantly occupied by a numerous fat cells (B, C). (D) Incidence of ON in each group: CON (13/14, 93%), L-EF (9/16, 56%), M-EF (2/16, 13%), H-EF (1/16, 6%). (E) There was no significant difference in ON Extent among all the groups. (F) Thrombotic Vessel Counts, and (G) Fat Cell Area Fraction presented similarities in changing patter over time, i.e. either attenuated in the L-EF group or prevented in both the M-EF and H-EF group when compared to that in the CON group. Note: Arrow pointed particle was angiographic substance during microCT-based angiography (data not shown). • CON group; ⧫ L-EF group; ▪ M-EF group; ▴ H-EF group; * P<0.05</p

Supernate soluble TM in endotoxin induction group (A) and optical density in destained oil red O staining in steroid induction group (B) was significantly higher than the corresponding control group, respectively, whereas Icaritin dose-dependently lowered supernate soluble TM (A) and optical density in destained oil red O staining (B) when compared to the corresponding induction group, respectively.

<p>However, no differences were found between the seven parent flavonoids in EF at the concentration of 10⁻¹⁴ M and corresponding induction group both in supernate soluble TM (C) and optical density in destained oil red O staining (D). Note: * P<0.05 for comparison with the induction group. # P<0.05 for comparison with the low dose group.</p

Cardiac Glycosides from the Seeds of <i>Thevetia peruviana</i>

Investigation of the seeds of <i>Thevetia peruviana</i> resulted in the isolation of 15 new (<b>2</b>–<b>16</b>) and 18 known (<b>1</b> and <b>17</b>–<b>33</b>) cardiac glycosides. Eight 19-nor-cardenolides (<b>1</b>–<b>8</b>), including two rare 19-nor-10-hydroperoxycardenolides, were obtained from <i>T. peruviana</i> for the first time. All the structures were characterized by NMR spectroscopy and chemical derivatization. The inhibitory effects of cardiac glycosides <b>1</b>–<b>33</b> against three cancer cell lines (human lung cancer cells, P15; human gastric cancer cells, MGC-803; and human pancreatic cancer cells, SW1990) and one normal hepatocyte cell line, LO2, were evaluated, and a preliminary structure–activity relationship is discussed. In addition, cardiac glycosides <b>1</b>, <b>22</b>, <b>26</b>, and <b>28</b> were evaluated for their apoptosis-inducing activities in MGC-803 cells, showing IC₅₀ values in the range 0.02–0.53 μM