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Functional Implications of DNA Methylation in Adipose Biology.
The twin epidemics of obesity and type 2 diabetes (T2D) are a serious health, social, and economic issue. The dysregulation of adipose tissue biology is central to the development of these two metabolic disorders, as adipose tissue plays a pivotal role in regulating whole-body metabolism and energy homeostasis (1). Accumulating evidence indicates that multiple aspects of adipose biology are regulated, in part, by epigenetic mechanisms. The precise and comprehensive understanding of the epigenetic control of adipose tissue biology is crucial to identifying novel therapeutic interventions that target epigenetic issues. Here, we review the recent findings on DNA methylation events and machinery in regulating the developmental processes and metabolic function of adipocytes. We highlight the following points: 1) DNA methylation is a key epigenetic regulator of adipose development and gene regulation, 2) emerging evidence suggests that DNA methylation is involved in the transgenerational passage of obesity and other metabolic disorders, 3) DNA methylation is involved in regulating the altered transcriptional landscape of dysfunctional adipose tissue, 4) genome-wide studies reveal specific DNA methylation events that associate with obesity and T2D, and 5) the enzymatic effectors of DNA methylation have physiological functions in adipose development and metabolic function
Multiscale Tensor Decomposition and Rendering Equation Encoding for View Synthesis
Rendering novel views from captured multi-view images has made considerable
progress since the emergence of the neural radiance field. This paper aims to
further advance the quality of view synthesis by proposing a novel approach
dubbed the neural radiance feature field (NRFF). We first propose a multiscale
tensor decomposition scheme to organize learnable features so as to represent
scenes from coarse to fine scales. We demonstrate many benefits of the proposed
multiscale representation, including more accurate scene shape and appearance
reconstruction, and faster convergence compared with the single-scale
representation. Instead of encoding view directions to model view-dependent
effects, we further propose to encode the rendering equation in the feature
space by employing the anisotropic spherical Gaussian mixture predicted from
the proposed multiscale representation. The proposed NRFF improves
state-of-the-art rendering results by over 1 dB in PSNR on both the NeRF and
NSVF synthetic datasets. A significant improvement has also been observed on
the real-world Tanks & Temples dataset. Code can be found at
https://github.com/imkanghan/nrff
Generalized Invariant Matching Property via LASSO
Learning under distribution shifts is a challenging task. One principled
approach is to exploit the invariance principle via the structural causal
models. However, the invariance principle is violated when the response is
intervened, making it a difficult setting. In a recent work, the invariant
matching property has been developed to shed light on this scenario and shows
promising performance. In this work, by formulating a high-dimensional problem
with intrinsic sparsity, we generalize the invariant matching property for an
important setting when only the target is intervened. We propose a more robust
and computation-efficient algorithm by leveraging a variant of Lasso, improving
upon the existing algorithms.Comment: Accepted to the IEEE International Conference on Acoustics, Speech,
and Signal Processing (ICASSP 2023
Learning Invariant Representations under General Interventions on the Response
It has become increasingly common nowadays to collect observations of feature
and response pairs from different environments. As a consequence, one has to
apply learned predictors to data with a different distribution due to
distribution shifts. One principled approach is to adopt the structural causal
models to describe training and test models, following the invariance principle
which says that the conditional distribution of the response given its
predictors remains the same across environments. However, this principle might
be violated in practical settings when the response is intervened. A natural
question is whether it is still possible to identify other forms of invariance
to facilitate prediction in unseen environments. To shed light on this
challenging scenario, we focus on linear structural causal models (SCMs) and
introduce invariant matching property (IMP), an explicit relation to capture
interventions through an additional feature, leading to an alternative form of
invariance that enables a unified treatment of general interventions on the
response as well as the predictors. We analyze the asymptotic generalization
errors of our method under both the discrete and continuous environment
settings, where the continuous case is handled by relating it to the
semiparametric varying coefficient models. We present algorithms that show
competitive performance compared to existing methods over various experimental
settings including a COVID dataset.Comment: Accepted to the IEEE Journal on Selected Areas in Information Theory.
Special Issue: Causality: Fundamental Limits and Application
A multi-protein receptor-ligand complex underlies combinatorial dendrite guidance choices in C. elegans.
Ligand receptor interactions instruct axon guidance during development. How dendrites are guided to specific targets is less understood. The C. elegans PVD sensory neuron innervates muscle-skin interface with its elaborate dendritic branches. Here, we found that LECT-2, the ortholog of leukocyte cell-derived chemotaxin-2 (LECT2), is secreted from the muscles and required for muscle innervation by PVD. Mosaic analyses showed that LECT-2 acted locally to guide the growth of terminal branches. Ectopic expression of LECT-2 from seam cells is sufficient to redirect the PVD dendrites onto seam cells. LECT-2 functions in a multi-protein receptor-ligand complex that also contains two transmembrane ligands on the skin, SAX-7/L1CAM and MNR-1, and the neuronal transmembrane receptor DMA-1. LECT-2 greatly enhances the binding between SAX-7, MNR-1 and DMA-1. The activation of DMA-1 strictly requires all three ligands, which establishes a combinatorial code to precisely target and pattern dendritic arbors
Deconfinement Phase Transition Heating and Thermal Evolution of Neutron Stars
The deconfinement phase transition will lead to the release of latent heat
during spins down of neutron stars if the transition is the first-order one.We
have investigated the thermal evolution of neutron stars undergoing such
deconfinement phase transition. The results show that neutron stars may be
heated to higher temperature.This feature could be particularly interesting for
high temperature of low-magnetic field millisecond pulsar at late stage.Comment: 4 pages, to be published by American Institute of Physics, ed. D.Lai,
X.D.Li and Y.F.Yuan, as the Proceedings of the conference Astrophysics of
Compact Object
Non-classical non-Gaussian state of a mechanical resonator via selectively incoherent damping in three-mode optomechanical systems
We theoretically propose a scheme for the generation of a non-classical
single-mode motional state of a mechanical resonator (MR) in the three-mode
optomechanical systems, in which two optical modes of the cavities are linearly
coupled to each other and one mechanical mode of the MR is optomechanically
coupled to the two optical modes with the same coupling strength
simultaneously. One cavity is driven by a coherent laser light. By properly
tuning the frequency of the weak driving field, we obtain engineered
Liouvillian superoperator via engineering the selective interaction Hamiltonian
confined to the Fock subspaces. In this case, the motional state of the MR can
be prepared into a non-Gaussian state, which possesses the sub-Poisson
statistics although its Wigner function is positive.Comment: 6 pages, 5 figure
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