Ecology and Conservation of Endangered Species in Sumatra: Smaller Cats and the Sumatran Rhinoceros (Dicerorhinus Sumatrensis) As Case Studies

While we should celebrate the bicentennial of naming the Sumatran rhinoceros (SR), the only extant population on earth might be on the island of Sumatra. Since Strien\u27s 1986 study in Mamas Valley, Leuser, very little more has been learned about how this species distributed and what factors are influencing its extirpation. This study is the first conducted in Sumatra at an Island-wide scale. Using hierarchical models, I estimate the occurrence rates (%) and indices of abundance of SR on three remaining population areas: Leuser Landscape (LL) in 2007 (2.77%, 26 (CI 12-61)), Way Kambas (WK) in 2008 (33.58%, 27 (CI 14-50)) and Bukit Barisan Selatan (BBS) in 2010 (36.4%, 31 (CI 19-66)). Primary dry land forest and rivers are factors affecting SR occurrence in LL, but the index of abundance also is affected by deforestation, roughness of terrain, and and a vegetation index. The index of abundance in WK is more affected by major roads, and brush and savannah cover types, and the occurrence there is additionally affected by deforestation. Secondary dry land forest, regular roads, and deforestation is affecting both the occurrence rate and index of abundance of SR in BBS. The identification of these environmental and disturbance factors is translated into spatially explicit map that can be used to update the IUCN distribution map. In LL, by comparison to the historical distribution based on Strien (1986), the small population in Bendahara Mountain might still persist outside the core population in Mamas Valley

Analisis Pemenuhan Hak Atas Pendidikan Anak Sipil di Lembaga Pembinaan Khusus Anak (LPKA) Kelas I Kutoarjo

Pemenuhan hak atas pendidikan adalah sesuatu yang harus dimiliki oleh setiap orang dalam memperoleh pendidikan karena pada pasal 31 ayat (1) Undang-Undang Dasar (UUD) Tahun 1945 menyatakan yang menentukan, tiap-tiap warga negara berhak mendapatkan pendidikan. Hak pendidikan tersebut termasuk juga untuk Anak Didik Permasyarakatan (ANDIKPAS). Anak tersebut salah satunya adalah Anak Sipil, yaitu anak yang tidak mampu lagi didik oleh orang tua, wali, / atau orang tua asuhnya dan karenanya atas penetapan pengadilan ditempatkan di Lembaga Pemasyarakatan Anak untuk didik dan dibina sebagaimana mestinya sehingga akan menentukan berhasil tidaknya ia kembali ke dalam masyarakat. Salah satu fungsi Lembaga Pemasyarakatan (LAPAS) adalah Pembinaan yang meliputi pendidikan, pengasuhan, pengentasan dan pelatihan keterampilan, serta layanan informasi. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menganalisis pemenuhan hak pendidikan anak sipil di Lembaga Pembinaan Khusus Anak Kutoarjo. Untuk mencapai tujuan tersebut, penelitian dilakukan dengan metode yuridis sosiologis yaitu dilakukan berdasarkan permasalahan yang terjadi di masyarakat. Permasalahan tersebut dapat diakibatkan oleh tindakan yang dilakukan manusia dan pelakanaan hukum oleh lembaga sosial. Proses Pelaksanaan Pemenuhan Hak Pendidikan Anak Sipil sama dengan Anak Pidana dan Anak Negara sesuai dengan Standar Operasional Prosedur (SOP) dari menyiapkan pelaksanaan kegiatan belajar mengajar sampai membuat laporan kegiatan belajar mengajar, tetapi karena adanya Peraturan Menteri Hukum dan Hak Asasi Manusia (HAM) Republik Indonesia Tahun 2020 Tentang Syarat Pemberian Asimilasi dan Hak Integrasi Bagi Narapidana dan Anak Dalam Rangka Pencegahan dan Penanggulangan Penyebaran Covid 19 Anak Sipil dan Anak Negara dipulangkan. Tanggung jawab pemenuhan pendidikan bagi anak sipil menjadi tanggung jawab orang tua

Predicting the Distribution of Sunda Pangolin (Manis javanica Desmarest, 1822) in Way Canguk Research Station, Bukit Barisan Selatan National Park, Lampung

The distribution of a species can help guide the protection activities in their natural habitat. Conversely, the lack of information on this distribution makes the protection strategy of this species difficult. The research was conducted in Way Canguk Research Station, Bukit Barisan Selatan National Park from January until March 2018. The purposes of this research were to create a distribution prediction map of Sunda pangolin (Manis javanica) and estimating the environment variables that most influenced the probability of the distribution. Fourteen points of camera trap coordinates were used for presence data with nine types of environment variables such as elevation, slope, understorey, canopy cover, distance from roads, distance from rivers, distance from villages, food source, and distance from the threat. The result of maxent showed an Area Under the Curve (AUC) value of 0.909 categorized as very good. The highest probability of Sunda pangolin distributions was in the Pemerihan Resort and Way Haru Resort area, while the dominant environmental variables included the distance from the village, the canopy cover, and the distance from threat with the value 47.7; 25.85; and 15.8%, respectively. Prediction maps and environment variables can help to identify the population of Sunda pangolin in the wild and can provide input for the national parks to prioritize protection areas for Sunda pangolin from the increased poaching

Population Status of a Cryptic Top Predator: An Island-Wide Assessment of Tigers in Sumatran Rainforests

Large carnivores living in tropical rainforests are under immense pressure from the rapid conversion of their habitat. In response, millions of dollars are spent on conserving these species. However, the cost-effectiveness of such investments is poorly understood and this is largely because the requisite population estimates are difficult to achieve at appropriate spatial scales for these secretive species. Here, we apply a robust detection/non-detection sampling technique to produce the first reliable population metric (occupancy) for a critically endangered large carnivore; the Sumatran tiger (Panthera tigris sumatrae). From 2007–2009, seven landscapes were surveyed through 13,511 km of transects in 394 grid cells (17×17 km). Tiger sign was detected in 206 cells, producing a naive estimate of 0.52. However, after controlling for an unequal detection probability (where p = 0.13±0.017; ±S.E.), the estimated tiger occupancy was 0.72±0.048. Whilst the Sumatra-wide survey results gives cause for optimism, a significant negative correlation between occupancy and recent deforestation was found. For example, the Northern Riau landscape had an average deforestation rate of 9.8%/yr and by far the lowest occupancy (0.33±0.055). Our results highlight the key tiger areas in need of protection and have led to one area (Leuser-Ulu Masen) being upgraded as a ‘global priority’ for wild tiger conservation. However, Sumatra has one of the highest global deforestation rates and the two largest tiger landscapes identified in this study will become highly fragmented if their respective proposed roads networks are approved. Thus, it is vital that the Indonesian government tackles these threats, e.g. through improved land-use planning, if it is to succeed in meeting its ambitious National Tiger Recovery Plan targets of doubling the number of Sumatran tigers by 2022

A Bolder Conservation Future for Indonesia by Prioritising Biodiversity, Carbon and Unique Ecosystems in Sulawesi

Spatial layers from DOI 10.1038/s41598-022-21536-

Developing applied ecological and socioeconomic model to avert the extinction of Sulawesi’s rich and endemic biodiversity

Averting the trend of biodiversity loss is one of the main goals of the nature conservation movement. In this thesis, I attempt to rethink biodiversity conservation in Sulawesi using a system thinking framework and an interdisciplinary approach, focusing on wild meat consumption at the core of Wallacea's biodiversity hotspot, Sulawesi Island. From a systemic perspective, the interplay of wild meat consumers and biodiversity indicates a detrimental connection between humans and wildlife in a region. To elaborate on this, I define my study system's components as the conservation areas, the animal species that live in them, and the humans that live in their environs and the wider region. Before venturing into the heart of the issue, first I present the available wild meat knowledge and its gap in the context of Indonesia through a systematic mapping of published and grey literature. The result established Sulawesi as not only the hotspot of endemicity but also one of the islands with the most literature on wild meat use. Conservation areas as the main stronghold of biodiversity protection are elaborated their representativeness through a Spatial Conservation Prioritization, and for Sulawesi, I demonstrated that the regions not yet designated for conservation protection include prime locations of great importance for animal and plant biodiversity, forest cover, and carbon stocks. These include the Mekongga Landscape in Southeast Sulawesi, the Bangkiriang Landspace in Central Sulawesi, and the Gorontalo corridor, all of which have been classified as high-priority areas for protection. While many protected areas (PAs), such as the Bogani Nani Wartabone National Park (BNWNP), remain high-priority sites for achieving biodiversity goals, others are simply relics of their past glory, with degraded habitat and poor biodiversity. Then I turn my focus to the BNWNP to examine how the concept of a social-ecological system could be used there. BNWNP is a suitable study system since it is situated in an area where eating wild meat has long been regarded as socially acceptable. I provide empirical evidence on the negative impact of human encroachment within the park and wild meat markets in the vicinity of the park, on species richness. This discovery was expected; nonetheless, the use of causal inference to build a cause-effect link, rather than depending on 'association', as is customary for observational data, is novel and important. To learn more, I did a thorough analysis of the wild meat supply chain. The analysis was reinforced by historical market trends spanning three decades. The results demonstrated that even lawfully hunted animals, such as wild pigs and bats, are declining in abundance. With North Sulawesi as the ‘sink’, the previously indicated significant and priority areas of Southeast and Central Sulawesi, as well as Gorontalo, serve as the ‘sink’ area that provides animals for the wild meat trade. The interconnectedness of consuming wild meat with Minahasa identity, as well as significant profits from the wild meat trade, necessitate a more thorough evaluation of the solutions presently offered. To halt the supply, law enforcement on the currently illegal trade of threatened species is required, and the legality of trading animals with diminishing populations in the markets must be thoroughly examined. For those that can be harvested responsibly, it is critical to establish well-founded quotas to prevent over-exploitation. I suggest a novel technique for reducing demand that employs the concept of complex contagion to achieve the tipping point of societal change. This method has only just begun to be used in the conservation of biodiversity, and its application to the biodiversity hotspot of Wallacea, which includes a high biocultural area of Sulawesi, is vital

In Indonesia and beyond nature conservation needs independent science

[Extract] Biodiversity conservation is a crisis discipline requiring frequent evaluation of potential interventions to reduce environmental threats. To have a chance of success, past conservation activities need to be assessed, to better understand how alternative approaches affect conservation outcomes

A bolder conservation future for Indonesia by prioritising biodiversity, carbon and unique ecosystems in Sulawesi

Abstract As more ambitious protected area (PA) targets for the post-2020 global biodiversity framework are set beyond Aichi Target 11, renew thinking into spatial prioritisation is required to enable PA expansion that maximises environmental values. Our study focuses on the biodiverse and forest-rich Indonesian island of Sulawesi, which has a terrestrial PA network that covers 10% of the island. We used Marxan to investigate trade-offs in the design of an expanded PA network that prioritised different conservation features (biodiversity, forest cover, carbon stock, karst and valuable metal-rich areas) under varying island-wide coverage targets (17%, 30%, and 50%). Our first scenario, which required existing PAs to be selected, required larger areas to meet these coverage targets, in contrast to our second scenario, which allowed for any part of the island to be chosen, irrespective of PA status. The vast Mekongga and Bangkiriang Landscapes, and Gorontalo corridor were consistently identified as a high priority for protection under all scenarios. To meet our conservation targets through expanding current PAs, creating new PAs, and creating corridors that connect existing PAs, we used a spatially explicit three-phase approach. Our findings identified 26,508 km2 of priority areas to be included in the current PA network, potentially assisting Indonesia in meeting its post-2020 GBF target, if our approach is replicated across Indonesia as a national or sub-national analysis. We discuss various land management options through other effective area-based conservation measures (OECMs) and the costs to deliver this strategy