Modified Bjork analysis of lateral head radiographs of southern Chinese

Aim: To establish cephalometric norms for the modified Björk’s cephalometric analysis in southern Chinese children, and compare them to those of a matched Caucasian sample. Materials and Methods: The material comprised lateral cephalometric radiographs of a random sample of 200 males and 205 females 12-year-old southern Chinese, and an additional sample of 43 males and 43 females 12-year-old British Caucasian children in Hong Kong. The radiographs were digitized twice with the Computer-Assisted Simulation System for Orthognathic Surgery (CASSOS) program. Results: The results showed that there were statistically significant ethnic differences for 15 out of the 17 cephalometric variables (P<0.05-0.001). There were statistically significant ethnic differences for 11 variables in males (P<0.05-0.001) and 15 variables in females (P<0.05-0.001). The size of the statistically significant gender differences varied from -0.4 to 0.8 (P<0.05-0.001) in SD scores for Chinese and from 0.5 to 0.6 (P<0.01) for Caucasian. The size of the observed statistically significant ethnic differences varied from -1.7 to 1.3 (P<0.05-0.001) in SD scores for female and from -1.6 to 1.0 (P<0.05-0.001) for male. Conclusion: Cephalometric norms for the modified Björk’s cephalometric analysis in southern Chinese children were established. The use of specific standards for Chinese and separate for gender, for the modified Björk’ cephalometric analysis seems to be justified.published_or_final_versio

Virtual cultural tourism: six pillars of VCT using co-creation, value exchange and exchange value

This paper examines antecedents to the successful use of Virtual Cultural Tourism and the ways in which virtual realities can add value to Cultural Tourism offers. Success can be seen to derive from the deeper understanding of consumers’ preferences and motivations to engage with Virtual Cultural Tourism. It is also necessary to see these initiatives from the perspective of multiple stakeholders: the armchair traveller, the frequent flyer and the service provider at destinations. The latter include public sector providers such as park site managers, museum curators, interpretation and information services for tourism as well as the private sector developers

Online delivery of a beginners course in Japanese : its costs and benefits

Universities in Australia are rapidly moving toward the online delivery of courses, and language education is part of this trend. This chapter presents a study based on a newly developed, fully online Japanese language beginners unit—Japanese 101—at Western Sydney University. The online unit aims to deliver the same content as its on-campus equivalent. The unit covers the four essential skills: reading, writing, listening and speaking, and was designed in such a way that the course content could be taught via the Blackboard learning management system, supplemented by ZOOM videoconferencing. This chapter will firstly describe how the unit was re-developed in order to cater for its online delivery. It will then examine the assessment issues that are part of an ongoing improvement process. Some positive and negative aspects of online delivery will be discussed, in comparison with its on-campus equivalent. The students’ achievements indicate that it is possible to learn the language online. However, the question remains as to whether or not online delivery is the best method for language courses in the context of a university language education