A New Fundamental Equation in Optics

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Inversion improves the recognition of facial expression in thatcherized images

The Thatcher illusion provides a compelling example of the face inversion effect. However, the marked effect of inversion in the Thatcher illusion contrasts to other studies that report only a small effect of inversion on the recognition of facial expressions. To address this discrepancy, we compared the effects of inversion and thatcherization on the recognition of facial expressions. We found that inversion of normal faces caused only a small reduction in the recognition of facial expressions. In contrast, local inversion of facial features in upright thatcherized faces resulted in a much larger reduction in the recognition of facial expressions. Paradoxically, inversion of thatcherized faces caused a relative increase in the recognition of facial expressions. Together, these results suggest that different processes explain the effects of inversion on the recognition of facial expressions and on the perception of the Thatcher illusion. The grotesque perception of thatcherized images is based on a more orientation-sensitive representation of the face. In contrast, the recognition of facial expression is dependent on a more orientation-insensitive representation. A similar pattern of results was evident when only the mouth or eye region was visible. These findings demonstrate that a key component of the Thatcher illusion is to be found in orientation-specific encoding of the features of the face

Unveiling Palomar 2: The Most Obscure Globular Cluster in the Outer Halo

We present the first color-magnitude study for Palomar 2, a distant and heavily obscured globular cluster near the Galactic anticenter. Our (V,V-I) color-magnitude diagram (CMD), obtained with the UH8K camera at the CFHT, reaches V(lim) = 24 and clearly shows the principal sequences of the cluster, though with substantial overall foreground absorption and differential reddening. The CMD morphology shows a well populated red horizontal branch with a sparser extension to the blue, similar to clusters such as NGC 1261, 1851, or 6229 with metallicities near [Fe/H] = -1.3$. From an average of several indicators, we estimate the foreground reddening at E(B-V) = 1.24 +- 0.07 and obtain a true distance modulus (m-M)_0 = 17.1 +- 0.3$, placing it about 34 kpc from the Galactic center. We use starcounts of the bright stars to measure the core radius, half-mass radius, and central concentration of the cluster. Its integrated luminosity is M_V = -7.9, making it clearly brighter and more massive than most other clusters in the outer halo.Comment: 25 pages, aastex, with 8 postscript figures; accepted for publication in AJ, September 1997. Also available by e-mail from [email protected]. Please consult Harris directly for (big) postscript files of Figures 1a,b (the images of the cluster

The tilt of mean sea level along the east coast of North America

The tilt of mean sea level along the North American east coast has been a subject of debate for many decades. Improvements in geoid and ocean circulation models, and GPS positioning of tide gauge benchmarks, provide an opportunity to produce new tilt estimates. Tilts estimated using tide gauge measurements referenced to high-resolution geoid models (the geodetic approach) and ocean circulation models (the ocean approach) are compared. The geodetic estimates are broadly similar, with tilts downward to the north through the Florida Straits and at Cape Hatteras. Estimates from the ocean approach show good agreement with the geodetic estimates, indicating a convergence of the two approaches and resolving the long standing debate as to the sign of the tilt. These tilts differ from those used by Yin and Goddard (2013) to support a link between changing ocean circulation and coastal sea level rise

Outstanding Educational Performance Awards: Highlighting High Achieving Arkansas Schools, 2010

So, in this Arkansas Education Report (AER) we aim to highlight excellent performance and give our congratulations. To that end, we are happy to highlight many high performing schools around the state in our now-annual AER entitled the Outstanding Educational Performance Awards

Efficiency studies in dairy farming, Bulletin, no. 275

The Bulletin is a publication of the New Hampshire Agricultural Experiment Station, College of Life Sciences and Agriculture, University of New Hampshire, Durham, New Hampshire

An overview of the major phenomena of the localization of sound sources by normal-hearing, hearing-impaired, and aided listeners

Localizing a sound source requires the auditory system to determine its direction and its distance. In general, hearing-impaired listeners do less well in experiments measuring localization performance than normal-hearing listeners, and hearing aids often exacerbate matters. This article summarizes the major experimental effects in direction (and its underlying cues of interaural time differences and interaural level differences) and distance for normal-hearing, hearing-impaired, and aided listeners. Front/back errors and the importance of self-motion are noted. The influence of vision on the localization of real-world sounds is emphasized, such as through the ventriloquist effect or the intriguing link between spatial hearing and visual attention

Death by Stereotype: Race, Ethnicity, and California’s Failure to Implement \u3ci\u3eFurman\u3c/i\u3e’s Narrowing Requirement

This Article examines the possible racial and ethnic implications of California’s expansive death penalty statute in light of the Eighth Amendment’s requirement that each state statute narrow the subclass of offenders on whom a death sentence may be imposed. The narrowing requirement derives from the holding in Furman v. Georgia over forty-five years ago, when the U.S. Supreme Court ruled that existing death penalty statutes violated the Eighth Amendment’s prohibition against cruel and unusual punishments. Citing statistics demonstrating arbitrary and capricious application of capital punishment, a majority of the Justices concluded that a death sentencing scheme is unconstitutional if it provides “no meaningful basis for distinguishing the few cases in which [death] is imposed from the many cases in which it is not.

The Effects of Increasing Organic or Inorganic Zinc on Growth Performance and Carcass Characteristics of Finishing Pigs

A total of 3,390 pigs (PIC 337 × 1050; initially 63.2 lb), housed in three replicate barns, were used in this study to determine the influence of increasing organic or inorganic Zn sources on growth performance and carcass characteristics of finishing pigs. A total of 126 pens of pigs were allotted to 1 of 7 dietary treatments, with 24 to 27 pigs per pen and 14 to 17 replications per treatment. All diets contained a trace mineral premix that provided 55 ppm of Zn from ZnSO4. The seven experimental treatments were a control diet with no additional zinc included in the diet; the control diet with an additional 25, 50, or 75 ppm of Zn from a zinc AA complex (ZnAA; Availa®-Zn; Zinpro Corporation, Eden Prairie, MN); or the control diet with an additional 25, 50, or 75 ppm of zinc from ZnO. Diets were fed in meal form, for five dietary phases, and formulated to maintain a constant standardized ileal digestible Lys:NE ratio within phase. Overall, a Zn × level interaction (quadratic; P \u3c 0.05) was observed for ADG as pigs fed increasing ZnO had similar ADG, while pigs fed added levels of 25 and 50 ppm ZnAA had decreased performance compared to those fed the highest level of ZnAA. A Zn source × level interaction (quadratic; P \u3c 0.05) was also observed for overall F/G. This was due to pigs fed diets with 25 or 50 ppm Zn from ZnAA having poorer F/G compared to pigs fed similar levels of ZnO. The interaction in ADG also led to a tendency (quadratic; P \u3c 0.10) for a Zn source × level interaction for final BW. No differences were observed for ADFI. For carcass characteristics, a Zn source × level interaction (P \u3c 0.05) was observed for HCW, as pigs fed diets with 25 or 50 ppm Zn from ZnAA had decreased HCW compared with those fed 75 ppm Zn from ZnAA, while increasing ZnO did not influence HCW. Loin depth and percentage lean tended to increase and then decrease (quadratic; P \u3c 0.10) as added ZnAA increased; however, a similar response was not observed for increasing added ZnO. These data suggest that in finishing pigs, supplemental ZnO did not impact growth performance, but low inclusion levels of ZnAA increased F/G and reduced final BW