Elite Migration from the Liberal to the Labour Party, 1917-1924, and the interaction with Popular Politics through the Union of Democratic Control.

Following a preface indicating aims, Chapter 1 outlines the general situation of European elites in 1914 and the particular problem of an elite attempting to re-direct British public opinion in war-time through the agency of a pressure group. In Chapter 2 the aims and organisation of the U.D.C. are outlined. Chapter 3 indicates the nature of the U.D.C.'s involvement in popular politics: the membership ;connections with organised labour; branch proliferation; structure of communication flow; commitment to special effort in popular education; reactionary response to the U.D.C.; the stimulus of 1917; the Union’s change of policy after the Versailles settlement and retreat from immediate popular involvement. Chapter 4 is concerned with the factors involved in the Liberal U.D.C. elite’s migration to Labour: the nature of the migration from 1917 to 1924; ’rejective’ pressures and reformulatory forces; the dilemma of Radical allegiance illustrated in the correspondence of E.D.Morel; the common background and diverse pathways of nine prominent Liberal U.D.C. migrants to Labour. In Chapter 5 the factors connected with the U.D.C’s interaction with popular politics and the Liberal elite’s migration to Labour are reviewed and reinforced. The place of the U.D.C. within the background of pressure groups is outlined and the Union’s connections with the women’s movement and pacifist groups are indicated. Some wider ideological implications of Liberal-Labour definitions are discussed and the U.D.C.’s intervention in Labour Party politics is considered, with special reference to its influence upon the construction of a more sophisticated foreign policy. Chapter 5 concludes that the U.D.C, provided a pathway for Liberal elite migration to Labour after 1917 and that the Union’s intervention in popular politics was significant. The appendices include a review of the ideological background and a brief consideration of the U.D.C. elite’s ’pro-German involvement’

Phenolic metabolites of anthocyanins modulate mechanisms of endothelial function

Anthocyanins are reported to have vascular bioactivity, however their mechanisms of action are largely unknown. Evidence suggests that anthocyanins modulate endothelial function, potentially by increasing nitric oxide (NO) synthesis, or enhancing NO bioavailability. This study compared the activity of cyanidin-3-glucoside, its degradation product protocatechuic acid, and phase II metabolite, vanillic acid. Production of NO and superoxide and expression of endothelial NO synthase (eNOS), NADPH oxidase (NOX), and heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1) were established in human vascular cell models. Nitric oxide levels were not modulated by the treatments, although eNOS was upregulated by cyanidin-3-glucoside, and superoxide production was decreased by both phenolic acids. Vanillic acid upregulated p22phox mRNA but did not alter NOX protein expression, although trends were observed for p47phox downregulation and HO-1 upregulation. Anthocyanin metabolites may therefore modulate vascular reactivity by inducing HO-1 and modulating NOX activity, resulting in reduced superoxide production and improved NO bioavailability

A survey of copyright advice and guidance in UK Higher Education Libraries

The results of a questionnaire sent out to members of the lis-copyseek discussion group in Summer, 2003 to assess who currently provides copyright advice in UK higher Education libraries and what concerns these people have. There is a clear feeling that not all the answers given are correct, even though many queries are rated as quite easy. Queries arrive from a variety of sources. There is a need for continued short courses to keep copyright advisors up to date, but lis-copyseek itself is considered by far the most helpful source of information

Spitzer Observations of Comet 67P/Churyumov-Gerasimenko at 5.5-4.3 AU From the Sun

We report Spitzer Space Telescope observations of comet 67P/Churyumov-Gerasimenko at 5.5 and 4.3 AU from the Sun, post-aphelion. Comet 67P is the primary target of the European Space Agency's Rosetta mission. The Rosetta spacecraft will rendezvous with the nucleus at heliocentric distances similar to our observations. Rotationally resolved observations at 8 and 24 microns (at a heliocentric distance, rh, of 4.8 AU) that sample the size and color-temperature of the nucleus are combined with aphelion R-band light curves observed at the Very Large Telescope (VLT) and yield a mean effective radius of 2.04 +/- 0.11 km, and an R-band geometric albedo of 0.054 +/- 0.006. The amplitudes of the R-band and mid-infrared light curves agree, which suggests that the variability is dominated by the shape of the nucleus. We also detect the dust trail of the comet at 4.8 and 5.5 AU, constrain the grain sizes to be less than or similar to 6 mm, and estimate the impact hazard to Rosetta. We find no evidence for recently ejected dust in our images. If the activity of 67P is consistent from orbit to orbit, then we may expect the Rosetta spacecraft will return images of an inactive or weakly active nucleus as it rendezvous with the comet at rh = 4 AU in 2014.Comment: 19 pages, 2 tables, 10 figures. Accepted for publication in the Astronomical Journa

Atmospheric Trust Litigation and the Constitutional Right to a Healthy Climate System: Judicial Recognition at Last

This Article spotlights a recent Washington case, Foster v. Washington Department of Ecology, which breaks new judicial ground in forcing governments to control dangerous GHG emissions. The case is part of an urgent global litigation campaign known as Atmospheric Trust Litigation (ATL). The Article begins by summarizing the actions deemed necessary by scientists to avert climate catastrophe, and describes the ATL campaign that formed in response. Part II explains the public trust framework, which provides the legal foundation for this climate litigation. Part III examines the three stages of atmospheric trust cases and describes the litigation up until the Foster decision. Finally, Part IV analyzes the Foster decision for its path-breaking role and potential effect on the ATL climate campaign as a whole