The Results of Deliberation

When evaluating whether to sue, prosecute, settle, or plead, trial lawyers must predict the future—they need to estimate how likely they are to win a given case in a given jurisdiction. Social scientists have used mock juror studies to produce a vast body of literature showing how different variables influence juror decision making. But few of these studies account for jury deliberation, so they present an impoverished picture of how these effects play out in trials and are of limited usefulness. This Article helps lawyers better predict the future by presenting a novel computer model that extrapolates findings about jurors to juries, showing how variables of interest affect the decisions not only of individuals but also of deliberative bodies. The Article demonstrates the usefulness of the model by applying it to data from an empirical study of the factors that influence juror decisions in acquaintance rape cases. This application first elucidates a tension in criminal law: even if a substantial majority of jurors in a community would vote to convict a defendant, a majority of juries might still acquit. It also demonstrates that certain legal reforms will have a meaningful effect in some areas of the country but not others, suggesting that rape law reform should occur at a local, not national, level

Era cristià "Lo Crestià" de Francesc Eiximenis? Història d'un error de paleografia

Francesc Eiximenis va treballar en una enciclopèdia que havia de tenir tretze volums entre els anys 1380 i 1390. En els manuscrits les formes «crestià», «crestiana», «crestianisme», etc. són freqüents i semblen justificar el títol "Crestià". El present article posa en relleu que en els manuscrits medievals aquests termes s’abreujaven d’acord amb les recomanacions de teòlegs i místics que desitjaven manifestar, a través de l’ús de lletres especials i d’abreviatures, els misteris inherents a les lletres dels noms «Jesús» i «Crist». Una abreviatura molt freqüent per «cristià» era xpa amb un signe sobre la p. Aquest signe era molt similar al signe usat per abreujar el conjunt de lletres "re" o "rest". Els copistes, després d’haver vist centenars d’abreviatures d’aquesta mena, o de paraules en què el grup "pre" s’escrivia amb una p acompanyada de l’abreviatura per "re", creient que "ia" era el final de la paraula i estan acostumats a la pronúncia dissimilada "crestià", van acostumar-se a transcriure aquestes abreviatures com "crestià", tot i que Eiximenis explica que «cristià devalla de Crist»

El oficio de traductor según Alfonso Tostado de Madrigal en su comentario al prólogo de san Jerónimo a las Crónicas de Eusebio

En 1450 Alfonso Tostado de Rivera escribió un Comentario sobre la traducción latina de san Jerónimo de la Historia de todos los tiempos de Eusebio. Se trata de una obra larguísima, una típica praelectio medieval, en la que el texto estudiado se divide en partes manejables, que luego son resumidas y respecto a las cuales se añade todo tipo de información gramatical, léxica y enciclopédica. El artículo demuestra la utilidad de contrastar el original en latín con una compilación coherente de los lemmata empleados por el Tostado en su comentario. En su Introducción a Eusebio, san Jerónimo discute cuestiones relacionadas con la traducción (por ejemplo la literalidad; las versiones explicativas; la belleza inherente a las palabras y sonidos griegos y latinos). El Tostado no trata en profundidad estas ideas, pero añade sus comentarios sobre el castellano y el catalán. Hay que efectuar una comparación minuciosa entre el traductor y san Jerónimo para evitar atribuir al profesor de Salamanca formulaciones que no son suyas.Alfonso Tostado de Rivera wrote in 1450 a Commentary on saint Jerome's Latin translation of Eusebius Survey of History. The overly long work is a typical medieval praelectio, where the text studied is divided into manageable parts, which are then summarized, before all kinds of grammatical, lexical and encyclopedic information are added. In this paper we demonstrate the usefulness of contrasting the Latin original with a coherent compilation of the lemmata used by the Tostado in his Commentary. Saint Jerome discusses in his «Introduction» to Eusebius questions related to translating (e.g. literalness; explanatory versions; the beauty inherent in the words and sounds of Greek and Latin). The Tostado expands only lightly on these ideas, but adds his comments on Castilian and Catalan). A close comparison between the translator and Jerome is necessary to avoid attributing to the professor from Salamanca statements which were not his own

Femininity Under Threat: How Women Respond to Feedback about Their Physical Appearance

In recent decades, it has become increasingly normative—at times, even desirable—for women to possess traditionally masculine personality traits. The pressure on women to maintain a feminine physical appearance, however, has not waned. Past research has demonstrated that unlike men, women do not experience distress when their psychological gender stereotypicality has been threatened. This does not mean, however, that they are immune from the harms of gender stereotypicality threats altogether. In this dissertation, I explore the possibility that women experience distress when their physical femininity has been threatened. In Chapter 1, I lay the foundation for my empirical work. I provide an overview of the constructs at the center of this dissertation: gender stereotypes, gender identity, gender stereotypicality threats, and identity invalidation. Further, I highlight three major gaps in the existing literature on gender stereotypicality threats: attention to women, consideration of physical appearances, and exploration of underlying mechanisms. In Chapter 2, I present four studies that test my hypothesis that physical femininity threats are distressing for women. I find that women experience anxiety and reduced self-esteem in response to information indicating that their appearance is less feminine than average (versus more feminine than average). Further, I find that these effects are not simply the result of women interpreting this information to mean they are unattractive. I also find that these effects are indeed domain specific, such that physical, but not psychological, threats produce anxiety and reduced self-esteem in women. In men, in contrast, masculinity threats produce anxiety across domains. Finally, I find preliminary evidence that identity invalidation—and specifically, a discrepancy between the feedback one received and one’s internal sense of self—can help to explain the effects of gender stereotypicality threats on both anxiety and self-esteem. In Chapter 3, I describe the unique contributions of these studies to the psychology of gender and propose three directions for future research. I suggest that additional studies be conducted to explore the null effects of psychological femininity threats. Additionally, I propose that future research approach the subject of femininity threats from an intersectional perspective, considering whether and how experiences with these threats differ between dominant and minoritized social group members. Finally, I highlight the importance of considering the broader consequences of femininity threats, both for women who have been threatened and for people in general. In sum, this dissertation explores a highly consequential phenomenon that has been largely overlooked in the literature: femininity threats. In doing so, it highlights unique ways in which gender stereotypes can harm women and paves the way for further research on this phenomenon, as well as interventions to mitigate its harm