Using heat as a tracer to estimate the depth of rapid porewater advection below the sediment–water interface

SummaryRapid exchange of surface waters and porewaters in shallow sediments has important biogeochemical implications for streams and marine systems alike, but mapping these important reaction zones has been difficult. As a means of bridging the gap between the stream and submarine groundwater discharge communities we suggest that the rapid, transient mixing in this zone be called “hydrodynamic exchange”. We then present a new model, MATTSI, which was developed to estimate the timing, depth and magnitude of hydrodynamic exchange below the sediment–water interface by inverting thermal time-series observations. The model uses an effective thermal dispersion term to emulate 3-D hydrodynamic exchange in a 1-D model. The effective dispersion is assumed to decline exponentially below the sediment water interface. Application of the model to a synthetic dataset and two field datasets from 50km offshore in the South Atlantic Bight shows that exchange events can be clearly identified from thermal data. The model is relatively insensitive to realistic errors in sensor depth and thermal conductivity. Although the datasets tested here were too shallow to fully span the depth of flushing, we were able to estimate the depth of hydrodynamic exchange via sensitivity studies

Implementing One Health in Australia: A modified Delphi survey and analysis of expert perspectives

One Health (OH) is an interdisciplinary approach aiming to achieve optimal health for humans, animals and their environments. Case reports and systematic reviews of success are emerging; however, discussion of barriers and enablers of cross-sectoral collaboration are rare. A four-phase mixed-method Delphi survey of Australian human and animal health practitioners and policymakers (n = 52) explored areas of consensus and disagreement over: (1) the operational definition of OH; (2) potential for cross-sectoral collaboration; and (3) key priorities for shaping the development of an OH response to significantly elevated zoonotic disease risk. Participants agreed OH is essential for effective infectious disease prevention and control, and on key priorities for outbreak responses, but disagreed over definitions and the relative priority of animal health and welfare and economic considerations. Strong support emerged among Australian experts for an OH approach. There was also recognition of the need to ensure cross-sectoral differences are addressed

Prospectus, October 30, 1996

https://spark.parkland.edu/prospectus_1996/1027/thumbnail.jp

Receivers Limit the Prevalence of Deception in Humans: Evidence from Diving Behaviour in Soccer Players

Deception remains a hotly debated topic in evolutionary and behavioural research. Our understanding of what impedes or facilitates the use and detection of deceptive signals in humans is still largely limited to studies of verbal deception under laboratory conditions. Recent theoretical models of non-human behaviour have suggested that the potential outcome for deceivers and the ability of receivers to discriminate signals can effectively maintain their honesty. In this paper, we empirically test these predictions in a real-world case of human deception, simulation in soccer. In support of theoretical predictions in signalling theory, we show that cost-free deceit by soccer players decreases as the potential outcome for the signaller becomes more costly. We further show that the ability of receivers (referees) to detect deceptive signals may limit the prevalence of deception by soccer players. Our study provides empirical support to recent theoretical models in signalling theory, and identifies conditions that may facilitate human deception and hinder its detection

A Path Analysis of Latino Parental, Teenager and Cultural Variables in Teenagers' Sexual Attitudes, Norms, Self-Efficacy, and Sexual Intentions

;;OBJETIVO:;; testar um modelo teórico com base na Expansão Parental da Teoria do Comportamento Planejado, examinando a relação entre pais selecionados, adolescentes e variáveis culturais e as intenções dos jovens latinos ao se envolverem com comportamento sexual.;;;;MÉTODO:;; um design correlacional de corte transversal baseado em uma análise de dados secundários de 130 pares de pais e adolescentes latinos.;;;;RESULTADOS:;; procedimentos de regressão e de análise de trajetória foram usados para testar sete hipóteses e os resultados demonstraram um apoio parcial para o modelo. O familismo parental e o conhecimento sobre sexo foram significativamente associados com as atitudes dos pais em relação a comunicação sexual com seus filhos. A aculturação dos pais latinos foi negativamente relacionada com sua auto-eficácia na comunicação sexual com os adolescentes e positivamente relacionada com suas normas subjetivas na comunicação sexual com os jovens. O conhecimento do adolescente sobre sexo foi consideravelmente associado com os mais altos níveis de suas atitudes e normas subjetivas sobre a comunicação sexual com seus pais. Apenas o preditor das atitudes dos adolescentes sobre ter relações sexuais nos próximos três meses foi significativamente associado com as intenções dos adolescentes em ter relações sexuais nos próximos 3 meses..;;;;CONCLUSÃO:;; os resultados deste estudo fornecem informações importantes para guiar pesquisas futuras que possam informar o desenvolvimento de intervenções para prevenir o comportamento sexual arriscado de adolescentes entre os latinos.;;;;OBJETIVO:;; poner a prueba un modelo teórico basado en " Parent-Based Expansion " y con base en la teoría del comportamiento planificado para examinar la relación entre los padres seleccionados, adolescente y variables culturales, como también en las intenciones de los adolescentes latinos a participar en el comportamiento sexual.;;;;MÉTODO:;; un diseño correlacional transversal basado en un análisis de datos secundarios de 130 padres latinos y sus diadas adolescentes.;;;;RESULTADOS:;; regresión y procedimientos de análisis camino se utilizaron para probar siete hipótesis y los resultados demostraron un apoyo parcial para el modelo. El familismo y el conocimiento sobre el sexo de padres se asociaron significativamente con las actitudes de los padres hacia la comunicación sexual con sus hijos adolescentes. La aculturación de los padres latinos fue negativamente asociada con la autoeficacia los padres hacia la comunicación sexual con los adolescentes y alteran asociados a normas subjetivas de los padres hacia la comunicación sexual con los adolescentes. Conocimiento del adolescente sobre el sexo fue significativamente asociado con niveles más altos de las actitudes y normas subjetivas acerca de la comunicación sexual con padres adolescentes. Sólo el predictor de actitudes de los adolescentes teniendo sexo en los próximos 3 meses se asoció significativamente con la intención de adolescentes tiene relaciones sexuales durante los próximos 3 meses.;;;;CONCLUSIÓN:;; los resultados de este estudio proporcionan información importante para orientar la investigación futura que puede informar al desarrollo de intervenciones para prevenir comportamiento sexual de riesgo entre los adolescentes latinos.;;;;OBJECTIVE:;; to test a theoretical model based on the Parent-Based Expansion of the Theory of Planned Behavior examining relation between selected parental, teenager and cultural variables and Latino teenagers' intentions to engage in sexual behavior.;;;;METHOD:;; a cross-sectional correlational design based on a secondary data analysis of 130 Latino parent and teenager dyads.;;;;RESULTS:;; regression and path analysis procedures were used to test seven hypotheses and the results demonstrated partial support for the model. Parent familism and knowledge about sex were significantly associated with parents' attitudes toward sexual communication with their teenagers. Parent Latino acculturation was negatively associated with parents' self-efficacy toward sexual communication with their teenagers and positevely associated with parents' subjective norms toward sexual communication with their teenagers. Teenager knowledge about sex was significantly associated with higher levels of teenagers' attitudes and subjective norms about sexual communication with parents. Only the predictor of teenagers' attitudes toward having sex in the next 3 months was significantly associated with teenagers' intentions to have sex in the next 3 months.;;;;CONCLUSION:;; the results of this study provide important information to guide future research that can inform development of interventions to prevent risky teenager sexual behavior among Latinos.;

A comparison of two group cognitive behavioral therapy protocols for anxiety in urban schools: appropriateness, child outcomes, and cost-effectiveness

BackgroundCognitive behavioral therapy (CBT) for pediatric anxiety is efficacious for reducing anxiety symptoms and improving functioning, but many children are unable to access CBT for anxiety in community settings. Schools are an important setting in which children access mental health care, including therapy for anxiety. In this setting, therapy is usually delivered by Masters-level therapists.ObjectivesFriends for Life (FRIENDS), a 12-session, manualized, group CBT program for anxiety has demonstrated effectiveness when implemented in schools. However, prior research has also found challenges regarding feasibility and cultural fit when delivering FRIENDS in the urban school context. To address these challenges, we adapted FRIENDS for implementation in the school setting so that it might be more feasible and culturally appropriate for low-income, urban schools in the United States, while maintaining the core components of treatment. The current study uses a mixed-method approach to compare the effectiveness, cost-effectiveness, and perceived appropriateness of FRIENDS and CATS when delivered by Masters-level therapists with train-the-trainer support.Materials and methodsFirst, we compared change scores for student outcomes (i.e., child-report MASC-2 total score, parent-report MASC-2 total score, teacher-report Engagement and Disaffection subscale scores) from pre- to post- treatment between students receiving FRIENDS and students receiving CATS to assess whether the two conditions resulted in equivalent outcomes. Second, we compared the cost and cost-effectiveness between the groups. Finally, we used an applied thematic analysis to compare appropriateness of the interventions as perceived by therapists and supervisors.ResultsThe mean change score for the child-reported MASC-2 was 1.9 (SE = 1.72) points in the FRIENDS condition and 2.9 (SE = 1.73) points in the CATS condition; results indicated that the conditions were similar in their treatment effects, and symptom reductions were small in both groups. The modified protocol, CATS, was shown to cost significantly less to implement compared to FRIENDS and showed greater cost-effectiveness. Finally, compared to therapists and supervisors in the CATS condition, therapists and supervisors in the FRIENDS condition more strongly described aspects of the intervention that were not appropriate for their context and in need of more extensive adaptations.ConclusionRelatively brief, group CBT for anxiety, with adaptations to improve cultural fit, is a promising approach to treat youth anxiety symptom when delivered by school-based therapists with train-the-trainer implementation support