The Effects of Teaching Experience on the Counselor\u27s Perception of his Role and Effectiveness in Counseling

Prior to World War II, the question as to whether or not public school counselors needed public school teaching experience would never have entered the minds of counselor educators, employers, or any other persons concerned with this matter. In the teaching field, a premium was placed on experience and often times an apprenticeship for a position had to be served. With today\u27s shortage of teachers and counselors, a number of persons have been employed as public school counselors without teaching experience. The effects of the employment of public school counselors without school teaching experience has caused many questions to be raised concerning their effectiveness and how they compare in effectiveness with counselors who were employed only after having had successful teaching experience. It has now become important to understand what effect public school teaching experience has on the school counselor and why public school teaching experience has been and still is a prerequisite for counselor certification. Some authorities in counselor education and supervision question this prerequisite and consider the effects of teaching to be more detrimental than helpful to the education and function of the public school counselor. Others see public school teaching experience as not only contributing to the preparation of the counselor but as an essential prerequisite for the effective functioning of the counselor in a public school setting

Rotation in [C ii]-emitting gas in two galaxies at a redshift of 6.8

The earliest galaxies are thought to have emerged during the first billion years of cosmic history, initiating the ionization of the neutral hydrogen that pervaded the Universe at this time. Studying this ‘epoch of reionization’ involves looking for the spectral signatures of ancient galaxies that are, owing to the expansion of the Universe, now very distant from Earth and therefore exhibit large redshifts. However, finding these spectral fingerprints is challenging. One spectral characteristic of ancient and distant galaxies is strong hydrogen-emission lines (known as Lyman-α lines), but the neutral intergalactic medium that was present early in the epoch of reionization scatters such Lyman-α photons. Another potential spectral identifier is the line at wavelength 157.4 micrometres of the singly ionized state of carbon (the [C ii] λ = 157.74 μm line), which signifies cooling gas and is expected to have been bright in the early Universe. However, so far Lyman-α-emitting galaxies from the epoch of reionization have demonstrated much fainter [C ii] luminosities than would be expected from local scaling relations1,2,3,4,5, and searches for the [C ii] line in sources without Lyman-α emission but with photometric redshifts greater than 6 (corresponding to the first billion years of the Universe) have been unsuccessful. Here we identify [C ii] λ = 157.74 μm emission from two sources that we selected as high-redshift candidates on the basis of near-infrared photometry; we confirm that these sources are two galaxies at redshifts of z = 6.8540 ± 0.0003 and z = 6.8076 ± 0.0002. Notably, the luminosity of the [C ii] line from these galaxies is higher than that found previously in star-forming galaxies with redshifts greater than 6.5. The luminous and extended [C ii] lines reveal clear velocity gradients that, if interpreted as rotation, would indicate that these galaxies have similar dynamic properties to the turbulent yet rotation-dominated disks that have been observed in Hα-emitting galaxies two billion years later, at ‘cosmic noon’.R.M. and S.C. acknowledge ERC Advanced Grant 695671 ‘QUENCH’ and support by the Science and Technology Facilities Council (STFC)