Checklist with a key to genera and subgenera of dung beetles (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae: Scarabaeinae) present and supposed for Ecuador.

The beetles of the Subfamily Scarabaeinae are a group that have been used in taxonomic, ecological, natural history, biodiversity and conservation studies recently, as they are good indicators of habitat quality and due to their great genera and species richness. Their taxonomy is relatively well known, however new taxa and nomenclatural changes are frequently ocurring, mainly due to taxonomic revisions at the genus level. Currently in the Neotropics, 127 taxa (between genera and subgenera) are recorded, with 59 taxa belonging to 33 genera and 220 species (with 23 new records) present in Ecuador, and nine more genera that allegedly could be registered. With the aim of promoting the study and knowledge of this group in Ecuador, an identification key for the genera and subgenera present and/or supposed to be present in this country is provided in this work, which includes current taxa with Scarabaeinae (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae) for the neotropic

Global prevalence and genotype distribution of hepatitis C virus infection in 2015 : A modelling study

Publisher Copyright: © 2017 Elsevier LtdBackground The 69th World Health Assembly approved the Global Health Sector Strategy to eliminate hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection by 2030, which can become a reality with the recent launch of direct acting antiviral therapies. Reliable disease burden estimates are required for national strategies. This analysis estimates the global prevalence of viraemic HCV at the end of 2015, an update of—and expansion on—the 2014 analysis, which reported 80 million (95% CI 64–103) viraemic infections in 2013. Methods We developed country-level disease burden models following a systematic review of HCV prevalence (number of studies, n=6754) and genotype (n=11 342) studies published after 2013. A Delphi process was used to gain country expert consensus and validate inputs. Published estimates alone were used for countries where expert panel meetings could not be scheduled. Global prevalence was estimated using regional averages for countries without data. Findings Models were built for 100 countries, 59 of which were approved by country experts, with the remaining 41 estimated using published data alone. The remaining countries had insufficient data to create a model. The global prevalence of viraemic HCV is estimated to be 1·0% (95% uncertainty interval 0·8–1·1) in 2015, corresponding to 71·1 million (62·5–79·4) viraemic infections. Genotypes 1 and 3 were the most common cause of infections (44% and 25%, respectively). Interpretation The global estimate of viraemic infections is lower than previous estimates, largely due to more recent (lower) prevalence estimates in Africa. Additionally, increased mortality due to liver-related causes and an ageing population may have contributed to a reduction in infections. Funding John C Martin Foundation.publishersversionPeer reviewe

Notes for genera: basal clades of Fungi (including Aphelidiomycota, Basidiobolomycota, Blastocladiomycota, Calcarisporiellomycota, Caulochytriomycota, Chytridiomycota, Entomophthoromycota, Glomeromycota, Kickxellomycota, Monoblepharomycota, Mortierellomycota, Mucoromycota, Neocallimastigomycota, Olpidiomycota, Rozellomycota and Zoopagomycota)

Compared to the higher fungi (Dikarya), taxonomic and evolutionary studies on the basal clades of fungi are fewer in number. Thus, the generic boundaries and higher ranks in the basal clades of fungi are poorly known. Recent DNA based taxonomic studies have provided reliable and accurate information. It is therefore necessary to compile all available information since basal clades genera lack updated checklists or outlines. Recently, Tedersoo et al. (MycoKeys 13:1--20, 2016) accepted Aphelidiomycota and Rozellomycota in Fungal clade. Thus, we regard both these phyla as members in Kingdom Fungi. We accept 16 phyla in basal clades viz. Aphelidiomycota, Basidiobolomycota, Blastocladiomycota, Calcarisporiellomycota, Caulochytriomycota, Chytridiomycota, Entomophthoromycota, Glomeromycota, Kickxellomycota, Monoblepharomycota, Mortierellomycota, Mucoromycota, Neocallimastigomycota, Olpidiomycota, Rozellomycota and Zoopagomycota. Thus, 611 genera in 153 families, 43 orders and 18 classes are provided with details of classification, synonyms, life modes, distribution, recent literature and genomic data. Moreover, Catenariaceae Couch is proposed to be conserved, Cladochytriales Mozl.-Standr. is emended and the family Nephridiophagaceae is introduced

Application of static and dynamic enclosures for determining dimethyl sulfide and carbonyl sulfide exchange in Sphagnum peatlands: Implications for the magnitude and direction of flux

A static enclosure method was applied to determine the exchange of dimethyl sulfide (DMS) and carbonyl sulfide (OCS) between the surface of Sphagnum peatlands and the atmosphere. Measurements were performed concurrently with dynamic (flow through) enclosure measurements with sulfur-free air used as sweep gas. This latter technique has been used to acquire the majority of available data on the exchange of S gases between the atmosphere and the continental surfaces and has been criticized because it is thought to overestimate the true flux of gases by disrupting natural S gas gradients. DMS emission rates determined by both methods were not statistically different between 4 and >400 nmol m−2 h−1, indicating that previous data on emissions of at least DMS are probably valid. However, the increase in DMS in static enclosures was not linear, indicating the potential for a negative feedback of enclosure DMS concentrations on efflux. The dynamic enclosure method measured positive OCS flux rates (emission) at all sites, while data using static enclosures indicated that OCS was consumed from the atmosphere at these same sites at rates of 3.7 to 55 nmol m−2 h−1. Measurements using both enclosure techniques at a site devoid of vegetation showed that peat was a source of both DMS and OCS. However, the rate of OCS efflux from decomposing peat was more than counterbalanced by OCS consumption by vegetation, including Sphagnum mosses, and net OCS uptake occurred at all sites. We propose that all wetlands are net sinks for OCS

Listado de especies y clave de géneros y subgéneros de escarabajos estercoleros (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae: Scarabaeinae) presentes y presuntos para Ecuador

The beetles of the Subfamily Scarabaeinae are a group that have been used in taxonomic, ecological, natural history, biodiversity and conservation studies recently, as they are good indicators of habitat quality and due to their great genera and species richness. Their taxonomy is relatively well known, however new taxa and nomenclatural changes are frequently ocurring, mainly due to taxonomic revisions at the genus level. Currently in the Neotropics, 127 taxa (between genera and subgenera) are recorded, with 59 taxa belonging to 33 genera and 220 species (with 23 new records) present in Ecuador, and nine more genera that allegedly could be registered. With the aim of promoting the study and knowledge of this group in Ecuador, an identification key for the genera and subgenera present and/or supposed to be present in this country is provided in this work, which includes current taxa with Scarabaeinae (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae) for the neotropic.Los escarabajos de la subfamilia Scarabaeinae (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae) son un grupo importante utilizado en estudios de taxonomía, ecología, biodiversidad, conservación e historia natural, por ser buenos indicadores de la calidad del hábitat y ricos en géneros y especies. Su taxonomía es relativamente bien conocida; sin embargo, comúnmente se registran nuevos taxones y cambios nomenclaturales, principalmente por revisiones a nivel de género. Actualmente, en el neotrópico se han registrado 127 taxones (entre géneros y subgéneros), de los cuales 59 taxones pertenecientes a 33 géneros y 220 especies (con 22 nuevos registros) se registran en Ecuador y otros nueve géneros podrían llegar a ser registrados. Con el objetivo de fomentar el estudio y el conocimiento de este grupo en Ecuador, en este trabajo se presenta una clave de identificación de géneros y subgéneros presentes y/o presuntos para el país, la cual incluye taxones actuales según nuevas publicaciones para el neotrópico de Scarabaeinae