Middle School Student Records as Dropout Indicators

Dropping out of school is associated with a wide array of negative outcomes and the extraordinarily high United States dropout rate has brought the issue to the forefront of American education. This study investigated normally collected middle school data from a suburban Colorado school district to determine the predictive value toward students dropping out or graduating from high school. Accessed was a longitudinal data set of first year in middle school records, 7th grade, from 1999-2003 for students that graduated or dropped out from a Colorado suburban high school from 2003-2007. Discriminate function analysis was utilized on 2,195 student school records, that included 106 dropout and 2,089 graduate student academic and demographic data, to determine the strength of the data to predict group membership. Middle school student\u27s metamorphosis from child to adolescent is a uniquely critical time in a student\u27s growth due to physical, social, psychological, and brain synaptic pruning. Dropping out of school is influenced by a wide array of external and internal school concerns but if clear set of red flags were available for easy identification of at risk students concerned school personal may best bring interventions to bear in the middle school setting. This study found that for this data set there was a slight correlation between grades in Language Arts and Math with a greater predictive power from Social Studies, Science, and Physical Education, subjects often overlooked in other studies. The conclusion stated that a clear set of warning signals was found with a strong enough probability of dropout identification to be considered as warning indicators and therefore all indicators need to be considered for every child on an individual level

A Study of Electromotive Force over a Concentration Gradient

The problem was entered into to find out whether a gradual change of concentration over a distance of some centimeters would make any change in the electromotive force if substituted for a relatively sharp junction

The Deliberation Paradox and Administrative Law

Deliberation is a linchpin of administrative decision making, and is a key basis for judicial deference to the agency’s interpretation of law. But deliberation has a dual valence in other areas of administrative law: it triggers the right to access agency information in public meeting laws, but bars access in public records laws. This is the first Article to identify and explain what I call the “Deliberation Paradox” in administrative law. This longstanding but unexplored dichotomy has roots in common law history, separation of powers, the purposes of public access statutes, and assumptions about how the government works. But the development of deference doctrines since Chevron sets deliberation at cross-purposes, confusing agencies about what is publicly accessible and denying the public information about vast swaths of government decisionmaking. This Article contends that the Deliberation Paradox should be recognized and discarded in favor of an approach that grants deference only to deliberation that is publicly disclosed, with significant implications for judicial deference to agency interpretations of law and for inter-agency collaboration

The Deliberation Paradox and Administrative Law

Deliberation is a linchpin of administrative decision making, and is a key basis for judicial deference to the agency’s interpretation of law. But deliberation has a dual valence in other areas of administrative law: it triggers the right to access agency information in public meeting laws, but bars access in public records laws. This is the first Article to identify and explain what I call the “Deliberation Paradox” in administrative law. This longstanding but unexplored dichotomy has roots in common law history, separation of powers, the purposes of public access statutes, and assumptions about how the government works. But the development of deference doctrines since Chevron sets deliberation at cross-purposes, confusing agencies about what is publicly accessible and denying the public information about vast swaths of government decisionmaking. This Article contends that the Deliberation Paradox should be recognized and discarded in favor of an approach that grants deference only to deliberation that is publicly disclosed, with significant implications for judicial deference to agency interpretations of law and for inter-agency collaboration