Lentil-barley mixed cropping with different lentil varieties and sowing dates

In den letzten 50 Jahren gab es nahezu keinen Linsenanbau mehr in Deutschland. Die Stickstofffixierung der Leguminose Linse, der Mischanbau und die hohe ernährungsphysiologische Wertigkeit machen den Linsenanbau attraktiv für den ökologischen Landbau. Anbautechnisch bereitet die Linse noch Probleme, z. B hinsichtlich geeigneter Sorten und optimaler Saatzeiten. Eine frühe Aussaat könnte die Vegetationsperiode verlängern und den Ertrag erhöhen, doch entfällt damit die Beikrautregulierung durch mehrfaches Abschleppen vor der Saat Auf der Versuchsstation für Ökologischen Landbau Kleinhohenheim der Universität Hohenheim wurden daher im Jahr 2009 vier Genotypen im Mischanbau mit Nacktgerste und drei Saatzeiten im Frühjahr geprüft. Linsen und die Stützfrucht Gerste erzielten den höchsten Ertrag (bis 3 t Trockenmasse (TM) ha-1 Linsen und rund 1 t TM ha-1 Gerste) bei frühestmöglichem Aussaattermin. Der Beikrautdruck war an diesem Termin mit rund 30 g TM m-2 signifikant niedriger als bei den späteren Saatterminen. Die im Versuch ertragreichste Sorte ist derzeit schon in Süddeutschland im Anbau, eine frühe Aussaat wäre in Erwägung zu ziehen

The liberalisation of air transport: Lessons from the USA

The planned liberalisation of European air transport has run up against the problem that there is little scope for further expansion of airport infrastructure. If liberalisation is to be a success, the available infrastructure will have to be used more intensively. This means introducing efficient procedures for awarding take-off and landing slots in Europe. The policy pursued hitherto in Germany and the EC and lessons from the USA do not nurture hopes that the liberalisation of European air transport will be a huge success

Version Management for tightly integrated Software Engineering Environments

The paper introduces a version management model which exploits knowledge about the contents of documents. This is in contrast to most existing models which basically consider versioned objects as at (attributed) files. The benefits of the approach are illustrated by describing some sample operations which are not possible with a conventional model. The paper then discusses a feasible implementation of the model on top of an existing object-oriented data base management system. Finally, it discusses related work and indicates how a sophisticated configuration management system is being built on top of the version management system

Entwicklung des Unkrautaufkommens bei unterschiedlicher Stoppelbearbeitung im Ausschnitt einer ökologischen Fruchtfolge

A long-term experiment at the Experimental Station for Organic Farming Kleinhohenheim should determine effects of stubble tillage on weed density and weed communities. The treatments were stubble tillage by a chisel plough (10 cm), a modified skimmer plough (7 cm), a rotary hoe (5 cm) and a control, previous to primary tillage by a mouldboard plough in autumn. The results presented here refer to the weed density of dicotyledonous-annual plants, monocotyledonous plants and lucerne volunteers in the years 8 and 9 of the experiment, i.e. the first two years after perennial lucerne grass. There were no significant differences found between the treatments for weeds, volunteers and crop yield of winter wheat and oats. These results confirm and continue the observations of the years 1999-2003 in the long run. Stubble tillage had no visible effect on the density of annual weeds in a diverse, 8-year organic crop rotation with focus on cereals if a plough was used for primary tillage

Screening von Senf-Genotypen zur Körnernutzung im ökologischen Anbau in Mitteleuropa

Information is rare about mustard (Sinapis alba, Brassica nigra, B. juncea) varieties and their characteristics for a suitable performance under organic conditions. 30 accessions were grown at the organic Research Station Kleinhohenheim in SW Germany in the year 2011. Highest grain yield was obtained by S. alba (10.5 g/plant) which was about four times the yield of B. nigra, and ten times the yield of B. juncea, mainly because of higher thousand kernel mass and high number of pods. B nigra and B. juncea were heavily damaged by pests so that only S. alba seems a suitable mustard species for German organic farming at the moment

Potential des Anbaus von Saflor (Carthamus tinctorius L.) unter den Bedingungen des Ökologischen Landbaus in Mitteleuropa

Under organic farming conditions, twenty safflower genotypes were tested for genotype-by-environment interaction (GxE) and stability across four locations in Germany and Switzerland for seed yield and oil content.. ANOVA showed highly significant differences among the genotypes, locations and GxL interactions for yield and oil content. None of the genotypes had a significant regression coefficient or a mean square deviation from the regression coefficient, thereby all genotypes are considered stable for seed yield, whereas, BS-62929 and PI-5724755 were relatively the most stable for oil content

Entwicklung von Anbausystemen für Linsen im ökologischen Landbau

After commercial cropping of lentils (Lens culinaris) expired in Germany 50 years ago, a revival was observed on a small regional scale. Several field trials aimed at the development of lentil cropping systems to make lentils a more popular crop in German organic farming. One of the trials was set up to identify suitable companion crops and cropping ratios for lentils in mixed cropping systems. Suitable cropping systems in terms of yield (up to 1.8 t ha-1) were combinations with barley (Hordeum vulgare), wheat (Triticum aestivum) and buckwheat (Fagopyrum esculentum) in a ratio of 180 : 60 seeds ha-1 (lentil:companion crop), and with wheat or oats (Avena sativa, 1 : 3) in terms of lodging. As lentil and wheat grains were difficult to separate after harvest, other varieties with shape and thousand grains mass more different from each other might allow the combination of wheat and lentils. According to the results of other trials, development of modern lentil cropping systems has to include the issues of sowing time (early sowing date), weed control, and varieties adapted to local conditions

Predictors of response to cognitive-behavioral therapy for body dysmorphic disorder

Body dysmorphic disorder (BDD) is a common and distressing or impairing preoccupation with a perceived defect in physical appearance. Individuals with BDD engage in time-consuming rituals to check, hide, or "fix" their appearance or alleviate distress. BDD is associated with substantial psychosocial impairment and high rates of depression, hospitalization, and suicidality. Cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT) is the treatment of choice for BDD, but not everyone benefits. We examined predictors of CBT-related improvement, an important topic that has received very limited investigation. Treatment was delivered in weekly individual sessions over 18-22 weeks. Results indicated that greater motivation/readiness to change (University of Rhode Island Change Assessment Questionnaire), greater treatment expectancy (Treatment Credibility/Expectancy Questionnaire), and better baseline BDD-related insight (Brown Assessment of Beliefs Scale) significantly predicted better CBT response at posttreatment. Baseline BDD symptom severity and depression did not predict outcome, suggesting that even patients with more severe BDD and depressive symptoms can benefit from CBT for BDD. Efforts should be aimed at enhancing readiness to change and confidence in the treatment at treatment onset as well as addressing the poor insight that often characterizes BDD.R34 MH070490 - NIMH NIH HHSAccepted manuscrip

Mixed cropping with lentils increases grain protein of wheat and barley

Sommerweizen (Triticum aestivum) und Sommergerste (Hordeum vulgare) wurden im Gemenge mit Linsen (Lens culinaris) in fünf Mischungsverhältnissen (100:0, 75:25, 50:50, 25:75, 0:100) auf der Versuchsstation für Ökologischen Landbau Kleinhohenheim (SW-Deutschland) in den Jahren 2009 und 2010 angebaut. Ziel der Studie war zu prüfen, welchen Einfluss der Mischanbau auf den Rohproteingehalt im Korn und die Tausendkornmasse hat. Der Rohproteingehalt im Getreidekorn stieg signifikant mit steigendem Linsenanteil in der Mischung. Bei Weizen nahm der Rohproteingehalt von der Reinsaat (10,3% in 2009, 11,0% in 2010) bis zur Mischsaat mit hohem Linsenanteil auf 11,5% (2009) bzw. 15,1% (2010) zu. In ähnlicher Weise stieg der Rohproteingehalt der Gerste von 13,7% auf 15,8%, während der Rohprotein­gehalt der Linsen bei allen Mischungspartnern und -verhältnissen unbeeinflusst blieb. Die Tausendkornmasse aller Kulturarten stieg, je geringer ihr jeweiliger Anteil an der Mischung war. Im Mischanbau war der gesamte Proteinertrag je Fläche generell höher als bei den Reinsaaten. Der Mischanbau mit Linsen kann besonders im Ökologischen Landbau eine Möglichkeit darstellen, den Proteingehalt von Weizen zu steigern und hohe Back­qualitäten zu erzielen. Auch für Futtergerste ist dieser Effekt gewünscht und möglich; Braugerste scheint allerdings ungeeignet für den Mischanbau mit Linsen, und möglicherweise auch nicht mit anderen Leguminosen, da hier vergleichsweise niedrige Rohproteingehalte gefordert sind.    Spring wheat (Triticum aestivum) and spring barley (Hordeum vulgare) were mixed cropped with lentils (Lens culinaris) in five seeding ratios (100:0, 75:25, 50:50, 25:75, 0:100) at the Experimental Station for Organic Farming Kleinhohenheim, SW Germany in the years 2009 and 2010. Aim of the study was to test the effect of different mixing ratios on seed quality (crude protein: CP, thousand kernel mass: TKM) of cereals and lentils. Seed crude protein of cereals increased significantly when their proportion was reduced in the mixture with their companion crop lentil. Wheat crude protein increased from 10.3% DM (2009) and 11.0% DM (2010) in monocropping to 11.5% DM (2009) and 15.1% DM (2010) in mixed cropping with 75% lentils. Barley crude protein increased in the same way from 13.7% DM in monocropping to 15.8% DM in mixed cropping with 75% lentils. The percentage of CP in lentils, however, did not differ significantly across all mixing ratios. The TKM of cereals and lentils increased significantly when their share in the mixture was decreased. Generally, the total crude protein yield in mixtures (one cereal crop plus lentils) was significantly higher than that in cereal or lentil monocropping. Mixed cropping with lentils can thus be an option to obtain a high protein content of wheat which is important for a suitable bread-making quality, particularly in organic farming. If barley is used for feed or food, a high protein content in mixed cropping with lentils is also welcome. On the other hand, malting barley seems not a suitable partner for a mixed cropping system with lentils as the protein content might be too high.   &nbsp

Cell‐level systems biology model to study inflammatory bowel diseases and their treatment options

To help understand the complex and therapeutically challenging inflammatory bowel diseases (IBDs), we developed a systems biology model of the intestinal immune system that is able to describe main aspects of IBD and different treatment modalities thereof. The model, including key cell types and processes of the mucosal immune response, compiles a large amount of isolated experimental findings from literature into a larger context and allows for simulations of different inflammation scenarios based on the underlying data and assumptions. In the context of a large and diverse virtual IBD population, we characterized the patients based on their phenotype (in contrast to healthy individuals, they developed persistent inflammation after a trigger event) rather than on a priori assumptions on parameter differences to a healthy individual. This allowed to reproduce the enormous diversity of predispositions known to lead to IBD. Analyzing different treatment effects, the model provides insight into characteristics of individual drug therapy. We illustrate for anti‐TNF‐α therapy, how the model can be used (i) to decide for alternative treatments with best prospects in the case of nonresponse, and (ii) to identify promising combination therapies with other available treatment options