CO2PipeHaz: Quantitative hazard assessment for next generation CO2 pipelines

Without a clear understanding of the hazards associated with the failure of CO2 pipelines, carbon capture and storage (CCS) cannot be considered as a viable proposition for tackling the effects of global warming. Given that CO2 is an asphyxiant at high concentrations, the development of reliable validated pipeline outflow and dispersion models are central to addressing this challenge. This information is pivotal to quantifying all the hazard consequences associated with the failure of CO2 transportation pipelines, which forms the basis for emergency response planning and determining minimum safe distances to populated areas. This paper presents an overview of the main findings of the recently completed CO2PipeHaz project [1] which focussed on the hazard assessment of CO2 pipelines to be employed as an integral part of CCS. Funded by the European Commission FP7 Energy programme, the project's main objective was to address this fundamentally important issue

High pressure CO2 CCS pipelines: Comparing dispersion models with multiple experimental datasets

Carbon capture and storage (CCS) presents the short-term option for significantly reducing the amount of carbon dioxide (CO2) released into the atmosphere from the combustion of fossil fuels, thereby mitigating the effects of climate change. Enabling CCS requires the development of capture, storage and transport methodologies. The safe transport of CO2 in CCS scenarios can be achieved through pipelines or by shipping. Either way, transport and temporary storage of pressurised liquid CO2 will be required and subject to quantitative risk assessment, which includes the consideration of the low-risk, low-probability puncture or rupture scenario of such a pipeline, ship or storage facility. In this work, we combine multiple experimental datasets all concerned with the atmospheric free release of pure and impure liquid CO2 from CCS-transport-chain-relevant high pressure reservoirs and perform the first multiple dataset comparison to numerical models for both pure and impure jets in dry ambient air with no water vapour. The results validate the numerical approach adopted and for the prediction of such releases, highlight the significance of the mixture fraction at the release point, over the mixture composition itself. A new method for impure CO2 dispersion modelling is introduced and limited preliminary comparisons of impure CO2 data and predictions are performed. No clear difference between pure and impure releases is found for the cases considered

Sensitivity analysis of a dynamic model for gas producing reactions under runway conditions

A dynamic model to simulate the behaviour of a purely gassy system during venting is proposed. A sensitivity study of the model predictions (temperature, pressure and mass inventory) to the following parameters is performed: initial vessel fill level, vessel volume, external heat input, relief vent area and vessel aspect ratio

Addressing emerging risks using carbon capture and storage as an example

The European iNTeg-Risk project is a large-scale integrated project aimed at improving the management of emerging risks related to new technologies in European industry. The project aims to build a new management paradigm for emerging risks as a set of principles supported by a common language, agreed tools and methods, and key performance indicators, all integrated into a single framework. It is using a number of Emerging Risk Representative Applications (ERRAs), or case studies, to inform the development of the framework; one of which concerns the carbon capture and storage (CCS) process. This paper describes the iNTeg-Risk CCS ERRA. Relevant hazards and properties of carbon dioxide are described and the emerging risks from CCS are discussed. Three new tools have been developed or trialled within the ERRA. These are: the DyPASI methodology for taking account of atypical (not usually identified) events during hazard identification; a methodology for including the time dimension in a risk assessment; and life-cycle approaches for risk management and communication. For CCS, the risk assessment needs to include both short-term potential accidents from capture, transport or injection, as well as very long term risks from storage. Knowledge gaps which are generic to emerging risks are also identified

Modelling of the venting of an untempered system under runaway conditions

Runaway reactions are statistically one of the major concerns for the chemical industry. Historically, they have been the cause for many severe incidents, as in the well-known cases of Seveso (Italy, 1976), Bhopal (India, 1984) and more recently the T2 Laboratories (USA, 2007). The prediction of the consequences of a runaway reaction in term of temperature and pressure evolution in a reactor vessel requires the knowledge of the reaction kinetics, thermodynamics and fluid dynamics inside the vessel during venting. Such phenomena and their interaction are complex and still to be fully understood, especially for those reactions in which the pressure generation is totally or partially due to the production of permanent gases (gassy or hybrid systems). Moreover, they cannot be easily determined by laboratory scale experiments. The work described in this paper presents a dynamic model developed to simulate the behavior of an untempered reacting mixture during venting. The model provides the temperature, pressure and inventory profiles before and during venting. A sensitivity study of the model was performed. This modeling work provides some insight regarding the interpretation of the data obtained from untempered system venting experiments. The outcomes of this work finds an application in the improvement of emergency relief systems design for hybrid and gassy systems, where significant progress is still to be made both in the experimental and modeling areas

Carbon capture and storage: a case study of emerging risk issues in the iNTeg-Risk project

This paper describes the iNTeg-Risk Carbon Capture and Storage (CCS) case study including: identification of example hazards in the CCS process including capture, transport, injection and storage; analysis using bow-tie techniques; modification of risk matrix approaches to include potential releases in the very long term from storage sites; use of life cycle analysis approaches; possible key performance indicators (KPIs); and knowledge gaps in terms of addressing emerging risk issues. One of the key features of the CCS case study is the need to include the time dimension in the risk assessment. The assessment needs to include both short-term potential accidents (from capture, transport or injection) as well as very long term risks from storage

Workbook for chemical reactor relief system sizing

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Holistic risk management of atypical accident scenarios

Several of the major accidents that occurred in Europe in recent years showed unexpected scenarios not considered by their site safety reports, such as the accidents at Toulouse (France) in 2001 and Buncefield (United Kingdom) in 2005. This contribution tackles this emerging risk of \u201catypical\u201d accident scenarios, not captured by standard risk assessment because deviating from normal expectations, which has been firstly introduced by the EC project iNTeg-Risk. A synergy of tools developed or used within the this project is adopted as way of prevention of atypical accident scenarios. Lessons learned, recommendations and the new methodology DyPASI (Dynamic Procedure for Atypical Scenarios Identification) is completed by the REWI (Resilience based Early Warning Indicators) method. The first technique is built for the identification of atypical scenarios and is based on systematization of information from early warnings, represented by past events, near misses and in-depth studies related to the industrial process considered. The second one is a proactive methodology for the development of resilience based early warning indicators and can unveil early deviations in the casual chain of potential accident scenarios. The composition of the two represents an advanced approach to tackle this topical issue from different slants for a more complete result. However, the core of the whole project is always kept as a reference point: the Emerging Risk Management Framework (ERMF), defined to provide the basis for integration of the research and management activities in the area of emerging risks.; ; This approach has been applied with the purpose to assess risk in new and emerging technologies, such as the cases of Carbon Capture and Sequestration or Liquid Natural Gas regasification, where relative lack of experience can possibly lead to atypical accident scenarios. The results produced are described in this contribution as demonstration of effectiveness of this new holistic approach

Two phase venting of systems containing flashing fluids Literature review and scoping calculations

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