A Note about In The Rapids

In The Rapids presents the views of the authors regarding First Nations people in Canada and the issues confronting them as individuals, within their nations, and within their communities. Mary Ellen Turpel and Ovide Mercredi are both First Nations Individuals. They share their own points of view and provide information with respect to these issues in their book. Throughout the book the authors share information by canvassing issues like the significance of Treaties to First Nations people; the provisions of the Indian Act and its effects on First Nations people; disputes over lands and resources; the social consequences of the larger Canadian society\u27s systemic denigration of First Nations\u27 cultures and languages; and socioeconomic marginalization of First Nations people and their communities

An Interdisciplinary Approach to Documenting Knowledge: Plants and Their Uses in Southern Greenland

Local Greenlanders assume that traditional knowledge of plant uses in Greenland has been lost due to extensive Danish contact and modernization. We used an interdisciplinary approach to reconstruct this lost knowledge: the biologist provided botanical identification, plant uses, methods of collection, preparation, and storage, while the linguist provided access to the linguistic identification of the plants, both in Greenland and in a pan-Inuit context, and access to the historical documentation. We conducted open-ended and semi-structured interviews at two sites in South Greenland to document plant names and uses. Our findings indicate that local knowledge of is greater than believed. We documented over 170 uses of plants, mosses, fungi, and seaweeds. Here we consider the meaning and etymologies of Kalaallisut plant names, how they correspond or differ to other Inuit terminology, and compare traditional uses with those from other Arctic peoples to identify traditional Inuit knowledge versus that influenced by Danish contact. Certain medicinal plants appear to be known across the Arctic but differ in preparation between peoples. Some uses are clearly derived from Danish culinary practices. From a linguistic standpoint plant names appear to be derived from the Inuit language family. These data demonstrate the fusion of traditional and colonialist knowledge

An Interdisciplinary Approach to Documenting Knowledge: Plants and Their Uses in Southern Greenland

The native language of west Greenland, Kalaallisut, is robust, with over 50 000 speakers among approximately 56 000 inhabitants. However, many people in Nuuk, the capital and largest city, believe traditional knowledge of plant uses has been lost as a result of extensive Danish contact. Our findings indicate that in southern Greenland local knowledge of plant uses is greater than believed. Interviews conducted with people in two southern communities, Nanortalik and Qassiarsuk, showed that people acquire knowledge about plants through a vast number of resources, not only Inuit knowledge from elders, but also published European sources and experimentation, raising questions about the extent to which such knowledge can be labeled traditional or ancestral. We documented more than 50 taxa and 205 plant uses in seven broad categories: medicine, beverages, food, herbs and spices, fuel, ritual, and material culture, the last category consisting primarily of decorative uses. Although medicinal uses account for the largest amount (~27%), the combination of the food, beverage, and herbs and spices/condiment categories make up nearly half of all uses. Some plants, in particular mushrooms and seaweed, were identified as edible but are not consumed. All consultants are fluent speakers of Kalaallisut, and identified the majority of plants. However, only 12 species were identified by everyone consulted, and some plants were identified by their Danish name. Some plant names and uses have remained consistent along the migration route of Inuit ancestors across the Arctic, while others have been lost or changed over time.La langue autochtone de l’ouest du Groenland, le kalaallisut, est une langue robuste. Elle est parlée par plus de 50 000 personnes relevant d’une population d’environ 56 000 habitants. Cependant, de nombreuses personnes de Nuuk, la capitale et également la plus grande ville du pays, croient que les connaissances traditionnelles des plantes se sont perdues en raison des contacts trop grands avec les Danois. Nos observations indiquent cependant que dans le sud du Groenland, la connaissance des plantes locales est meilleure que ce que les gens croient. Des entrevues réalisées auprès de gens faisant partie de deux collectivités du Sud, Nanortalik et Qassiarsuk, montrent que les gens acquièrent des connaissances au sujet des plantes au moyen de diverses sources, non seulement les aînés inuits, mais aussi à partir de sources européennes publiées et d’expérimentation, ce qui a pour effet de soulever des questions à savoir dans quelle mesure les connaissances peuvent être considérées comme traditionnelles ou ancestrales. Nous avons répertorié plus de 50 taxons et de 205 utilisations de plantes relevant de sept grandes catégories : médecine, boissons, aliments, herbes et épices, carburants, rituels et culture matérielle. Cette dernière catégorie prend principalement la forme d’usages décoratifs. Bien que les utilisations à caractère médicinal représentent la plus grande partie des utilisations (~27 %), l’ensemble des catégories des aliments, des boissons et des herbes et épices-condiments représente près de la moitié de tous les usages. Certaines plantes, plus particulièrement les champignons et les algues, étaient considérées comme comestibles, sans pour autant être consommées. Toutes les personnes consultées parlent le kalaallisut couramment, et elles ont réussi à identifier la majorité des plantes. Toutefois, seulement 12 espèces ont été identifiées par toutes les personnes consultées, et certaines plantes ont été identifiées au moyen de leur nom danois. Le nom et l’utilisation de certaines plantes sont restés les mêmes le long de la route de migration des ancêtres inuits à l’échelle de l’Arctique, tandis que d’autres se sont perdus ou ont été modifiés au fil du temps.Mots clés : Groenland, Arctique, ethnobotanique, linguistique, langue, Inuit, connaissance locale, plante

An objective spinal motion imaging assessment (OSMIA): reliability, accuracy and exposure data

BACKGROUND: Minimally-invasive measurement of continuous inter-vertebral motion in clinical settings is difficult to achieve. This paper describes the reliability, validity and radiation exposure levels in a new Objective Spinal Motion Imaging Assessment system (OSMIA) based on low-dose fluoroscopy and image processing. METHODS: Fluoroscopic sequences in coronal and sagittal planes were obtained from 2 calibration models using dry lumbar vertebrae, plus the lumbar spines of 30 asymptomatic volunteers. Calibration model 1 (mobile) was screened upright, in 7 inter-vertebral positions. The volunteers and calibration model 2 (fixed) were screened on a motorised table comprising 2 horizontal sections, one of which moved through 80 degrees. Model 2 was screened during motion 5 times and the L2-S1 levels of the volunteers twice. Images were digitised at 5fps. Inter-vertebral motion from model 1 was compared to its pre-settings to investigate accuracy. For volunteers and model 2, the first digitised image in each sequence was marked with templates. Vertebrae were tracked throughout the motion using automated frame-to-frame registration. For each frame, vertebral angles were subtracted giving inter-vertebral motion graphs. Volunteer data were acquired twice on the same day and analysed by two blinded observers. The root-mean-square (RMS) differences between paired data were used as the measure of reliability. RESULTS: RMS difference between reference and computed inter-vertebral angles in model 1 was 0.32 degrees for side-bending and 0.52 degrees for flexion-extension. For model 2, X-ray positioning contributed more to the variance of range measurement than did automated registration. For volunteer image sequences, RMS inter-observer variation in intervertebral motion range in the coronal plane was 1.86 degreesand intra-subject biological variation was between 2.75 degrees and 2.91 degrees. RMS inter-observer variation in the sagittal plane was 1.94 degrees. Radiation dosages in each view were below the levels recommended for a plain film. CONCLUSION: OSMIA can measure inter-vertebral angular motion patterns in routine clinical settings if modern image intensifier systems are used. It requires skilful radiography to achieve optimal positioning and dose limitation. Reliability in individual subjects can be judged from the variance of their averaged inter-vertebral angles and by observing automated image registration