ALFARABI’S REESTABLISHMENT OF PHILOSOPHY IN THE PHILOSOPHY OF ARISTOTLE

It has generally been assumed that Alfarabi’s understanding of Aristotle was distorted by his reliance on Aristotle’s transmitters. Owing to this, scholars regularly resort to seeking Alfarabi’s sources rather than seriously asking whether he could have, nonetheless, accurately grasped Aristotle’s teaching. This essay attempts, primarily through an analysis of the Philosophy of Aristotle, to reassess such assumptions. In particular, it argues that the Philosophy of Aristotle reveals a deep understanding of two aspects of Aristotle’s teaching about philosophy: the way to philosophy and the way to reestablish it when it has become confused or extinct. Rather than merely dogmatically describing Aristotle’s account of the origin, progress and perplexities of philosophy, as many scholars erroneously expect, Alfarabi enacts this account. Starting from the generally accepted opinions of his own time, Alfarabi dramatically portrays man’s experience as man and thus compels his readers to begin philosophizing for themselves. In this way, Alfarabi truly follows Aristotle’s deepest intention.Il est généralement admis que la compréhension qu’avait Alfarabi d’Aristote était déformée en raison de sa dépendance à l’égard des intermédiaires dans la transmission des travaux du philosophe. C’est pourquoi les érudits se lancent régulièrement dans une recherché des sources d’Alfarabi au lieu de se demander sérieusement s’il aurait pu néanmoins comprendre exactement l’enseignement d’Aristote. Cet essai tente, principalement à travers une analyse de La philosophie d’Aristote, de réévaluer de telles hypothèses. En particulier, il fait valoir que La philosophie d’Aristote révèle une profonde compréhension de deux aspects de l’enseignement d’Aristote sur la philosophie : le chemin vers la philosophie et le moyen de le rétablir s’il est devenu confus ou s’il s’est éteint. Plutôt que de simplement décrire de manière dogmatique l’exposé d’Aristote sur l’origine, la progression et les difficultés de la philosophie, comme beaucoup d’érudits s’y attendent, Alfarabi donne vie à cet exposé. Partant des opinions généralement acceptées de son temps, il décrit de manière dramatique l’expérience de l’humain en tant qu’humain et oblige ainsi ses lecteurs à commencer à philosopher par eux-mêmes. De cette manière, Alfarabi suit véritablement l’intention la plus profonde d’Aristote

(Operation of Lawrence Livermore Laboratory)

We describe here an optical system utilizing multilayer coated mirrors to collect x-rays from a small (10 {mu}m) source and project it as a partially collimated beam to provide a uniformly illuminated 50 {times} 50mm field, 100m away. The system we have chosen involves two grazing incidence mirrors acting in a Kirkpatrick-Baez type of arrangement. Each mirror has a parabolic curvature along the direction of propagation but have NO figuring in the direction normal to propagation: thus they are parabolic cylinders''. 9 figs., 1 tab

High-Resolution Spectromicroscopy with Maximum - Photoemission Spectroscopy Reaches the 1000-Angstrom Scale

We present new results from the soft X-ray scanning photoemission microscope: MAXIMUM. The microscope is installed at the U41 undulator at the Synchrotron Radiation Center at the University of Wisconsin. The instrument is based on a multilayer-coated Schwarzchild objective, operating at 95 eV, and it has demonstrated spatial resolution better than 0.1 mum and electron energy resolution of 300 meV. We review the design and the implementation of the microscope. We also present recent results as well as a summary of the research programs that are bei conducted with MAXIMUM

Microscopic-Scale Lateral Inhomogeneities of the Schottky-Barrier-Formation Process

The interpretation of photoemission-spectromicroscopy studies of Au on GaSe requires a revision of established ideas about this interface, which has long been considered a prototype of Schottky-like systems. We find that the interface-formation process involves strong substrate-overlayer interactions, the release of free Ga, and the formation of interface species, and leads to a barrier height in total disagreement with the Schottky model. Furthermore, the space-resolving capabilities of our instruments revealed lateral inhomogeneities of the local overlayer thickness and of the local band bending