Soil temperature extrema recovery rates after precipitation cooling

From a one dimensional view of temperature alone variations at the Earth's surface manifest themselves in two cyclic patterns of diurnal and annual periods, due principally to the effects of diurnal and seasonal changes in solar heating as well as gains and losses of available moisture. Beside these two well known cyclic patterns, a third cycle has been identified which occurs in values of diurnal maxima and minima soil temperature extrema at 10 cm depth usually over a mesoscale period of roughly 3 to 14 days. This mesoscale period cycle starts with precipitation cooling of soil and is followed by a power curve temperature recovery. The temperature recovery clearly depends on solar heating of the soil with an increased soil moisture content from precipitation combined with evaporation cooling at soil temperatures lowered by precipitation cooling, but is quite regular and universal for vastly different geographical locations, and soil types and structures. The regularity of the power curve recovery allows a predictive model approach over the recovery period. Multivariable linear regression models alloy predictions of both the power of the temperature recovery curve as well as the total temperature recovery amplitude of the mesoscale temperature recovery, from data available one day after the temperature recovery begins

Thermal infrared remote sensing of surface features for renewable resource applications

The subjects of infrared remote sensing of surface features for renewable resource applications is reviewed with respect to the basic physical concepts involved at the Earth's surface and up through the atmosphere, as well as the historical development of satellite systems which produce such data at increasingly greater spatial resolution. With this general background in hand, the growth of a variety of specific renewable resource applications using the developing thermal infrared technology are discussed, including data from HCMM investigators. Recommendations are made for continued growth in this field of applications

Classical approximation for ionization by heavy particle impact

Classical binary approximation for ionization by proton impac

Classical calculations of charge transfer cross sections

Calculations of charge transfer cross section

An application of the requirement vs capability analysis to estimating design reliability of solid rocket motors

Design reliability parameters for solid propellant rocket engine

User's guide: Programs for processing altimeter data over inland seas

The programs described were developed to process GEODYN-formatted satellite altimeter data, and to apply the processed results to predict geoid undulations and gravity anomalies of inland sea areas. These programs are written in standard FORTRAN 77 and are designed to run on the NSESCC IBM 3081(MVS) computer. Because of the experimental nature of these programs they are tailored to the geographical area analyzed. The attached program listings are customized for processing the altimeter data over the Black Sea. Users interested in the Caspian Sea data are expected to modify each program, although the required modifications are generally minor. Program control parameters are defined in the programs via PARAMETER statements and/or DATA statements. Other auxiliary parameters, such as labels, are hard-wired into the programs. Large data files are read in or written out through different input or output units. The program listings of these programs are accompanied by sample IBM job control language (JCL) images. Familiarity with IBM JCL and the TEMPLATE graphic package is assumed

Geoid undulations and gravity anomalies over the Aral Sea, the Black Sea and the Caspian Sea from a combined GEOS-3/SEASAT/GEOSAT altimeter data set

Satellite-based altimetric data taken by GOES-3, SEASAT, and GEOSAT over the Aral Sea, the Black Sea, and the Caspian Sea are analyzed and a least squares collocation technique is used to predict the geoid undulations on a 0.25x0.25 deg. grid and to transform these geoid undulations to free air gravity anomalies. Rapp's 180x180 geopotential model is used as the reference surface for the collocation procedure. The result of geoid to gravity transformation is, however, sensitive to the information content of the reference geopotential model used. For example, considerable detailed surface gravity data were incorporated into the reference model over the Black Sea, resulting in a reference model with significant information content at short wavelengths. Thus, estimation of short wavelength gravity anomalies from gridded geoid heights is generally reliable over regions such as the Black Sea, using the conventional collocation technique with local empirical covariance functions. Over regions such as the Caspian Sea, where detailed surface data are generally not incorporated into the reference model, unconventional techniques are needed to obtain reliable gravity anomalies. Based on the predicted gravity anomalies over these inland seas, speculative tectonic structures are identified and geophysical processes are inferred

Analysis of altimetry over inland seas

Satellite-based altimetric data taken by GEOS-3 and SEASAT over the Black Sea and Caspian Sea are analyzed and a least squares collocation technique is used to predict the geoid undulation on a .25-degree by .25-degree grid and to transform these geoid undulations to free air gravity anomalies. This project entailed processing satellite altimeter data over inland seas for recovery of area mean gravity information. Gravity information in this area of the world is not readily available, so the possibility of obtaining it from the processing of altimeter observations is attractive. The principal objective was to complete and extend analyses done in a previous study, verify those results, and document the results and techniques. A secondary objective was to improve the algorithms and results, if possible. The approach used involved editing geoid height data to remove overland data; evaluating geoid height differences at crossover points; removing orbit errors from geoid heights using crossover differences; gridding geoid height data at .25-degree by .25-degree intervals; and estimating the gravity anomalies from gridded geoid heights using the collocation technique

Analysis of altimetry over the Aral Sea

Satellite based altimetric data taken by GEOS-3, SEASAT, and GEOSAT over the Aral Sea are analyzed and a least squares collocation technique is used to predict the geoid undulations on a 0.25 by 0.25 degree grid and to transform these geoid undulations to free air gravity anomalies. Rapp's 180 by 180 geopotential model is taken as the empirical model. The collocation procedure is performed with a set of local residual empirical covariance functions. For comparison, Rapp's global covariance functions and Jordan's self-consistent theoretical covariance functions based on Jordan's formulation and on locally derived parameters are also used to grid geoid undulations and to predict gravity anomalies. The sensitivity of the collocation results to the choice of covariance functions is discussed

Oxide Fiber Cathode Materials for Rechargeable Lithium Cells

LiCoO2 and LiNiO2 fibers have been investigated as alternatives to LiCoO2 and LiNiO2 powders used as lithium-intercalation compounds in cathodes of rechargeable lithium-ion electrochemical cells. In making such a cathode, LiCoO2 or LiNiO2 powder is mixed with a binder [e.g., poly(vinylidene fluoride)] and an electrically conductive additive (usually carbon) and the mixture is pressed to form a disk. The binder and conductive additive contribute weight and volume, reducing the specific energy and energy density, respectively. In contrast, LiCoO2 or LiNiO2 fibers can be pressed and sintered to form a cathode, without need for a binder or a conductive additive. The inter-grain contacts of the fibers are stronger and have fewer defects than do those of powder particles. These characteristics translate to increased flexibility and greater resilience on cycling and, consequently, to reduced loss of capacity from cycle to cycle. Moreover, in comparison with a powder-based cathode, a fiber-based cathode is expected to exhibit significantly greater ionic and electronic conduction along the axes of the fibers. Results of preliminary charge/discharge-cycling tests suggest that energy densities of LiCoO2- and LiNiO2-fiber cathodes are approximately double those of the corresponding powder-based cathodes