Mobile health (m-Health) for diabetes management

Diabetes is a major health challenge with a global impact regardless of age, country or economic condition. The increased prevalence of diabetes is reaching alarming levels. The necessity and urgency to find innovative care delivery solutions is becoming more important, particularly in the digital age. It is expected in the near future that more people with diabetes, especially the younger generations will be empowered by their smartphones and relevant mobile health (m-Health) innovations, to take more responsibility of their condition. Clinicians and healthcare providers are increasingly likely to assume the role of ‘navigators’ and ‘advisors’ rather than simply the medical gatekeeper for their patients. In this article, we describe the general architecture of current m-Health systems and applications for diabetes management. We also discuss the clinical evidence for impact from these important and innovative approaches to diabetes self-care and management and likely future trends in their usage. The latest statistics indicate that there are more than 1200 diabetes smartphone ‘apps’ and this area is growing exponentially in terms of ideas, technologies, devices and the associated industry. M-Health for diabetes care is now a major business stream for the medical device, mobile phone and IT telecommunication industries with high expectations arising from the potential benefits to be gained by both patients and healthcare providers. However, this potential has not yet been fully developed on the clinical side. This may be due to many factors including the reluctance of clinicians to engage with these technologies due to the lack of clinical evidence for their efficacy, poor adherence of people with diabetes to long-term use of these apps and the reluctance of healthcare funders to reimburse mobile diabetes

Comparative Adsorption of Saturated and Unsaturated Fatty Acids at the Iron Oxide/Oil Interface.

A detailed comparison of the adsorption behavior of long straight chain saturated and unsaturated fatty acids at the iron oxide/oil interface has been considered using a combination of surface study techniques. Both depletion isotherms and polarized neutron reflectometry (PNR) show that the extent of adsorption decreases as the number of double bonds in the alkyl chains increases. Sum frequency generation spectroscopic measurements demonstrate that there is also an increase in chain disorder within the adsorbed layer as the unsaturation increases. However, for the unsaturated analogues, a decrease in peak intensity is seen for the double bond peak upon heating, which is thought to arise from isomerization in the surface-bound layer. The PNR study of oleic acid adsorption indicates chemisorbed monolayer adsorption, with a further diffuse reversible adsorbed layer formed at higher concentrations.Mary Wood is grateful for funding from the Oppenheimer Trust. The PNR data were collected using the V6 instrument at the Helmholtz-Zentrum Berlin (experiment number MAT-04-2131).This is the author accepted manuscript. The final version is available from the American Chemical Society via http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/acs.langmuir.5b0443

Weight loss surgery for non-morbidly obese populations with type 2 diabetes: is this an acceptable option for patients?

Aim To explore the views of non-morbidly obese people (BMI 30-40 kg/m2) with type 2 diabetes regarding: (a) the acceptability of bariatric surgery (BS) as a treatment for type 2 diabetes, and (b) willingness to participate in randomised controlled trials comparing BS versus non-surgical intervention. BACKGROUND: Despite weight management being a key therapeutic goal in type 2 diabetes, achieving and sustaining weight loss is problematic. BS is an effective treatment for people with morbid obesity and type 2 diabetes; it is less certain whether non-morbidly obese patients (BMI 30-39.9 kg/m2) with type 2 diabetes benefit from this treatment and whether this approach would be cost-effective. Before evaluating this issue by randomised trials, it is important to understand whether BS and such research are acceptable to this population. METHODS: Non-morbidly obese people with type 2 diabetes were purposively sampled from primary care and invited to participate in semi-structured interviews. Interviews explored participants' thoughts surrounding their diabetes and weight, the acceptability of BS and the willingness to participate in BS research. Data were analysed using Framework Analysi

Systematic in situ hydration neutron reflectometry study on Nafion thin films

Reported herein is a neutron reflectometry (NR) study on hydrated Nafion thin films (∼30 nm) on a silicon substrate with native oxide. The Nafion morphology is investigated systematically across the whole relative humidity range using both H2O and D2O vapours to enable a comparative study. By utilising this systematic approach two key results have been obtained. The first is that by leveraging the strong positive scattering signal from the D2O vapour, a complete and systematic water adsorption isotherm (Type II) for a Nafion thin film is produced. Utilising the slight negative scattering signal of the H2O enabled the quantification of the hydration dependent evolution of the formation of Nafion/water lamellae near the substrate surface. The number of lamellae layers increases continuously with hydration, and does not form abruptly. We also report the effects of swelling on the thin films across the relative humidity ranges. The work reported should prove useful in quantifying other hydration dependent properties of Nafion thin films such as conductivity and understanding Nafion/semiconductor based devices, as well as showcasing a NR methodology for other hydrophilic polymers

Advance telephone calls ahead of reminder questionnaires increase response rate in non-responders compared to questionnaire reminders only : The RECORD phone trial

Peer reviewedPublisher PD

Does Gas-Phase Sulfur Dioxide Remove Films of Atmosphere-Extracted Organic Material from the Aqueous Aerosol Air-Water Interface?

The reaction of gas-phase SO2 with unsaturated carbon-carbon double bonds forms organosulfates. Previous works have focused on reaction products and not the fate of organic films in the atmosphere. Neutron reflectometry was used to study the interaction of gas-phase SO2 at the air-water interface with organic material extracted from atmospheric particulate matter and pure proxy chemicals to determine whether the reaction of organic films with SO2 removes the film and is there a product film. Films formed from atmospheric aerosol collected in urban and woodland environments typically produced a layer of approximately 0.6 nm thickness, whereas a thick (>40 nm) film was formed by the woodsmoke sample. Fitting of this thicker woodsmoke film suggested a three-layered structure at the interface that has been interpreted to be consistent with a surfactant-rich layer next to the air-water interface, a mid-layer rich in PAH and topped with a more aliphatic region. The multilayer structure of atmospheric extracted material at the air-water interface is potentially an exciting result that requires further study. Gas-Phase SO2 was confirmed to react with pure insoluble surfactant molecules at the air-water interface that contained carbon-carbon double bonds (oleic acid) and did not react with a similar saturated surfactant (stearic acid). No reaction was observed during the interaction of SO2 and atmospheric material extracted from urban and woodland environments, and no material appeared to be removed from the interface; however, films made from woodsmoke-extracted material did appear to be altered by SO2 suggesting a reaction with Poly Aromatic Hydrocarbons (PAHs) but no material was lost from the interface. In addition, the gas-phase ozone levels in the neutron blockhouse, which have historically been of some concern for reactions with organics, were found to be of the order 15ppb, with no evidence of additional production in the neutron beam-path. Owing to a lack of substantial removal of material from real atmospheric extracted films, SO2 is not considered atmospherically significant for the removal of organic films from the air-water interfac

Enabling recruitment success in bariatric surgical trials: pilot phase of the By-Band-Sleeve study

This is the final version. Available on open access from Springer Nature via the DOI in this recordData availability: The data (transcripts) that support the findings of this study are available on request from the corresponding author. The data are not publicly available because of them containing information that could compromise privacy/consent, but the authors will be able to consider specific requests on a case-by-case basis.BACKGROUND: Randomized controlled trials (RCTs) involving surgical procedures are challenging for recruitment and infrequent in the specialty of bariatrics. The pilot phase of the By-Band-Sleeve study (gastric bypass versus gastric band versus sleeve gastrectomy) provided the opportunity for an investigation of recruitment using a qualitative research integrated in trials (QuinteT) recruitment intervention (QRI). PATIENTS/METHODS: The QRI investigated recruitment in two centers in the pilot phase comparing bypass and banding, through the analysis of 12 in-depth staff interviews, 84 audio recordings of patient consultations, 19 non-participant observations of consultations and patient screening data. QRI findings were developed into a plan of action and fed back to centers to improve information provision and recruitment organization. RESULTS: Recruitment proved to be extremely difficult with only two patients recruited during the first 2 months. The pivotal issue in Center A was that an effective and established clinical service could not easily adapt to the needs of the RCT. There was little scope to present RCT details or ensure efficient eligibility assessment, and recruiters struggled to convey equipoise. Following presentation of QRI findings, recruitment in Center A increased from 9% in the first 2 months (2/22) to 40% (26/65) in the 4 months thereafter. Center B, commencing recruitment 3 months after Center A, learnt from the emerging issues in Center A and set up a special clinic for trial recruitment. The trial successfully completed pilot recruitment and progressed to the main phase across 11 centers. CONCLUSIONS: The QRI identified key issues that enabled the integration of the trial into the clinical setting. This contributed to successful recruitment in the By-Band-Sleeve trial-currently the largest in bariatric practice-and offers opportunities to optimize recruitment in other trials in bariatrics.National Institute for Health Research Health Technology Assessment ProgrammeMedical Research Council (MRC

The circularly permuted globin domain of androglobin exhibits atypical heme stabilization and nitric oxide interaction

In the decade since the discovery of androglobin, a multi-domain hemoglobin of metazoans associated with ciliogenesis and spermatogenesis, there has been little advance in the knowledge of the biochemical and structural properties of this unusual member of the hemoglobin superfamily. Using a method for aligning remote homologues, coupled with molecular modelling and molecular dynamics, we have identified a novel structural alignment to other hemoglobins. This has led to the first stable recombinant expression and characterization of the circularly permuted globin domain. Exceptional for eukaryotic globins is that a tyrosine takes the place of the highly conserved phenylalanine in the CD1 position, a critical point in stabilizing the heme. A disulfide bond, similar to that found in neuroglobin, forms a closed loop around the heme pocket, taking the place of androglobin's missing CD loop and further supporting the heme pocket structure. Highly unusual in the globin superfamily is that the heme iron binds nitric oxide as a five-coordinate complex similar to other heme proteins that have nitric oxide storage functions. With rapid autoxidation and high nitrite reductase activity, the globin appears to be more tailored toward nitric oxide homeostasis or buffering. The use of our multi-template profile alignment method to yield the first biochemical characterisation of the circularly permuted globin domain of androglobin expands our knowledge of the fundamental functioning of this elusive protein and provides a pathway to better define the link between the biochemical traits of androglobin with proposed physiological functions

Diamond-Like Carbon: A Surface for Extreme, High-Wear Environments

In this study, we present an in-depth characterization of a diamond-like carbon (DLC) film, using a range of techniques to understand the structure and chemistry of the film both in the interior and particularly at the DLC/air surface and DLC/liquid interface. The DLC film is found to be a combination of sp2 and sp3 carbon, with significant oxygen present at the surface. The oxygen seems to be present as OH groups, making the DLC somewhat hydrophilic. Quartz-Crystal Microbalance (QCM) isotherms and complementary neutron reflectivity data indicate significant adsorption of a model additive, bis(2-ethylhexyl) sulfosuccinate sodium salt (AOT) surfactant, onto the DLC from water solutions and indicate the adsorbed film is a bilayer. This initial study of the structure and composition of a model surfactant is intended to give a clearer insight into how DLC and additives function as antiwear systems