Effects of Humidity on the Electro-Optical-Thermal Characteristics of High-Power LEDs

LEDs are subjected to environments with high moisture in many applications. In this paper, the experiments reveal photometric and colorimetric degradation at high humidity. Corresponding spectral power analysis and parameter extraction indicate that the flip-chip bonded LED samples show accelerated chip failure compared to the conventionally bonded samples. The chip-related failure induces greater heat accumulation, which correlates with the increase in heating power observed in the package. However, the temperature rise and thermal resistance for the flip-chip bonded LEDs do not increase substantially as compared to the conventionally bonded LEDs. This is because the junction temperature can be reduced with a flip-chip die-bonding configuration where the heat generated in the LED chip is dissipated effectively onto the AlN substrate, thereby reducing the increase in temperature rise and thermal resistance. The experimental results are supported by evaluation of the derivative structure functions. In addition, as the thermal resistance of the LED package varies with different humidity levels, there is a need to specify the conditions of humidity in data sheets as LED manufacturers routinely specify a universal thermal resistance value under a fixed operating condition

Effectiveness of Foreign Philanthropy Campaign and Relation with Inner Interactions in Transnational Co-Operative Organization

It is of necessity for developed economic societiesto provide philanthropic services to the societies of neighboring countries. Developed societies have resource and capacity advantages in terms of knowledge technology and organizational strength; thus, it is imperative that they provide adequate supports to the comparatively more vulnerable societies. However, due to insufficient in-depth understanding to the local socio-economic structure, work mentality and value, technology capacities, and resource condition of the local societies (or social groups), the philanthropic target and local social value often come into cognitive conflicts in the process of collaboration which ultimately affect the bilateral resource integration and effectiveness of application. The study, based on the researchers’ venture in the household water purification project in rural Vietnam villages, employed action research method to confirm the cognitive gap on philanthropy, the expectation deviation on work mission, and the action deviation effect of the organizational cultures on transforming philanthropic service into philanthropic entrepreneurship encountered in the process of executing the philanthropic projects by transnational cooperative teams in the two-year overseas services.Keywords: social enterprise, social entrepreneurship, social resource, transnational philanthropic campaig

Analysis of Coscinium fenestratum Colebr stem extract and effect of the extract on mean arterial blood pressure, heart rate and force of contraction in rats

Purpose: To evaluate the effect of Coscinium fenestratum (CF) crude extract on hypertension in animal models.Methods: Dichloromethane (DCM), ethyl acetate (EA), and butanol (BuOH) extracts were obtained by fractionation from the crude methanol extract. The dried extracts were then administered to Sprague- Dawley (250 – 300 mg) rats (n = 20) and frogs (n = 20) of either sex. CF effect on mean arterial blood pressure (MABP), heart rate (HR) and force of contraction (FOC) were assessed with the aid of Biopac Lab Pro Software. Atenolol (5 ug/ml) and acetylcholine (5 ug/ml) were used as controls. High performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) analysis and phytochemical studies were carried out on the extract.Results: The methanol extract (M - E) reduced MABP by 45.60 %, HR by 48.50 %, FOC .by 58.40 %; Fraction - E of the methanol extract reduced MABP by 60.60 %, HR by 58.60 %, FOC by 65.80 %; compared to atenolol which lowered MABP by 52.80 %, HR by 50.60 %, and FOC by 58.80 %; acetylcholine which reduced MABP by 30.50 % HR by 33.60 %, and FOC by 10.50 % in the presence and absence of norepinephrine. Preliminary phytochemical analysis by HPLC indicate the presence of flavonoids, terpenoids, saponins, tannins, cardiac glycoside, alkaloids, columbamine, berberine and naringin.Conclusion: The results show that Coscinium fenestratum extract lowers MABP, HR and FOC in rats. These effects may be due to the bioactive components present in the extract.Keywords: Coscinium fenestratum, Hypertension, Norepinephrine, Acetylcholine, Atenolo

The Role of Words in Cognitive Tasks: What, When, and How?

The current review focuses on how exposure to linguistic input, and count nouns in particular, affect performance on various cognitive tasks, including individuation, categorization and category learning, and inductive inference. We review two theoretical accounts of effects of words. Proponents of one account argue that words have top-down effects on cognitive tasks, and, as such, function as supervisory signals. Proponents of the other account suggest that early in development, words, just like any other perceptual feature, are first and foremost part of the stimulus input and influence cognitive tasks in a bottom-up, non-supervisory fashion. We then review evidence supporting each account. We conclude that, although much research is needed, there is a large body of evidence indicating that words start out like other perceptual features and become supervisory signals in the course of development

Large-scale event extraction from literature with multi-level gene normalization

Text mining for the life sciences aims to aid database curation, knowledge summarization and information retrieval through the automated processing of biomedical texts. To provide comprehensive coverage and enable full integration with existing biomolecular database records, it is crucial that text mining tools scale up to millions of articles and that their analyses can be unambiguously linked to information recorded in resources such as UniProt, KEGG, BioGRID and NCBI databases. In this study, we investigate how fully automated text mining of complex biomolecular events can be augmented with a normalization strategy that identifies biological concepts in text, mapping them to identifiers at varying levels of granularity, ranging from canonicalized symbols to unique gene and proteins and broad gene families. To this end, we have combined two state-of-the-art text mining components, previously evaluated on two community-wide challenges, and have extended and improved upon these methods by exploiting their complementary nature. Using these systems, we perform normalization and event extraction to create a large-scale resource that is publicly available, unique in semantic scope, and covers all 21.9 million PubMed abstracts and 460 thousand PubMed Central open access full-text articles. This dataset contains 40 million biomolecular events involving 76 million gene/protein mentions, linked to 122 thousand distinct genes from 5032 species across the full taxonomic tree. Detailed evaluations and analyses reveal promising results for application of this data in database and pathway curation efforts. The main software components used in this study are released under an open-source license. Further, the resulting dataset is freely accessible through a novel API, providing programmatic and customized access (http://www.evexdb.org/api/v001/). Finally, to allow for large-scale bioinformatic analyses, the entire resource is available for bulk download from http://evexdb.org/download/, under the Creative Commons -Attribution - Share Alike (CC BY-SA) license

傷痕記憶，國家文學 = Of scars and national memory

本文根據The Monster That Is History: History, Violence, and Fictional Writing in 20th Century China (Berkeley: University of California Press, 2004) 第5章改訂而成

Beneficial effects of low alcohol exposure, but adverse effects of high alcohol intake on glymphatic function

Abstract Prolonged intake of excessive amounts of ethanol is known to have adverse effects on the central nervous system (CNS). Here we investigated the effects of acute and chronic ethanol exposure and withdrawal from chronic ethanol exposure on glymphatic function, which is a brain-wide metabolite clearance system connected to the peripheral lymphatic system. Acute and chronic exposure to 1.5 g/kg (binge level) ethanol dramatically suppressed glymphatic function in awake mice. Chronic exposure to 1.5 g/kg ethanol increased GFAP expression and induced mislocation of the astrocyte-specific water channel aquaporin 4 (AQP4), but decreased the levels of several cytokines. Surprisingly, glymphatic function increased in mice treated with 0.5 g/kg (low dose) ethanol following acute exposure, as well as after one month of chronic exposure. Low doses of chronic ethanol intake were associated with a significant decrease in GFAP expression, with little change in the cytokine profile compared with the saline group. These observations suggest that ethanol has a J-shaped effect on the glymphatic system whereby low doses of ethanol increase glymphatic function. Conversely, chronic 1.5 g/kg ethanol intake induced reactive gliosis and perturbed glymphatic function, which possibly may contribute to the higher risk of dementia observed in heavy drinkers

Co-detection of azoxystrobin and thiabendazole fungicides in mold and mildew resistant wallboards and in children

The study measured the levels of azoxystrobin (AZ) and thiabendazole (TBZ) in wallboards and metabolite levels of these fungicides in children. The paper covering of wallboard samples contained a higher concentration of AZ and TBZ than the gypsum core, and similar amounts (w/w) of these two fungicides were present in the samples. These data suggest that commercial products containing a 1:1 (w/w) amount of AZ and TBZ, such as Sporgard® WB or Azo Tech„¢, were applied to the wallboard paper. This is the first detection of TBZ in mold-and-mildew resistant wallboards. The TBZ metabolite, 5OH-TBZ, was detected in 48% of urine samples collected from children aged 40-84 months, and was co-detected with AZ-acid, a common AZ metabolite, in 37.5% of the urine samples. The detection frequency of 5OH-TBZ was positively associated with the detection frequency of AZ-acid. These findings suggest that certain types of wallboards used in homes and commercial buildings may be a potential source of co-exposure to AZ and TBZ in humans

Functional impairment matters in the screening and diagnosis of gaming disorder

This commentary responds to Aarseth et al.’s (in press) criticisms that the ICD-11 Gaming Disorder proposal would result in “moral panics around the harm of video gaming” and “the treatment of abundant false-positive cases.” The ICD-11 Gaming Disorder avoids potential “overpathologizing” with its explicit reference to functional impairment caused by gaming and therefore improves upon a number of flawed previous approaches to identifying cases with suspected gaming-related harms. We contend that moral panics are more likely to occur and be exacerbated by misinformation and lack of understanding, rather than proceed from having a clear diagnostic system

Pediatric Perioperative Stress Responses and Anesthesia

Summary Surgical stress responses cause an array of endocrinological, metabolic and immunological changes in patients. The landmark studies in the 1980s showed that adequate anesthesia dramatically improved the outcomes of pediatric surgical patients by attenuating stress hormonal responses, pointing out the harm of ‘inadequate’ anesthesia. Subsequent studies questioned the role of administering very high-dose anesthetics to further attenuate stress responses. Here we review the feature of surgical stress responses in pediatric patients including their difference from those in adult patients. Overall, pediatric patients show minimal or no resting energy expenditure change postoperatively. In adult patients, increased resting energy expenditure has been described. Pediatric patients demonstrated robust cortisol and catecholamine responses than adult patients. However, the duration of these surges is often short-lived. Systemic proinflammatory and anti-inflammatory cytokine levels have been measured. Pediatric patients showed less proinflammatory cytokine elevation, but had similar anti-antiinflamatory responses. We also review in detail the immunological changes in response to surgical stress. Based on our current knowledge, we attempted to understand the underlying mechanism how adequate anesthesia dramatically improved the outcome of patients. Although more work is needed to be done, understanding how pediatric patients respond to perioperative stress, and its mechanism and consequence will allow us to direct us into a better, perioperative management in this population