Suburbanizacija in migracije na poljskih metropolitanskih območjih med politično tranzicijo

This article presents the development of suburbanization processes that occurred in Polish metropolitan areas during the political transition from communism. We analyze data on population and migration for municipalities in seven metropolitan areas from 1995 to 2012. Our results show that the suburban development phase was strongly associated with cities’ size and level of economic development. The article concludes that the outflow of the urban population to the suburbs started earliest in centers that had successfully undergone the transition period

Europe’s anthem and its meaning

The article presents research on the anthem of the Europe. The author investigates its origins, argues about other possible variants for the Europe’s anthem, and provides critical analysys of the meaning, functions and prospects of the Ode to Joy.У статті проводиться дослідження про гімн Європи. Автор розглядає історію виникнення гімну, його інші можливі варіанти та наводить критичний аналіз значення, функцій та перспектив існування Оди до Радості

REGIONALNE UWARUNKOWANIA SUBURBANIZACJI W POLSCE

Dynamie grow of peripherally located cities and each suburban areas was identified in Transformation period. Nowdays, suburbanization is dominated processes in Polish cities. The highest outflow of people to suburban areas could be observed in the biggest cities (above 200 thousand of inhabitants), the same processes can be observed in stnaller cities as well. Economic and social changes were the main reason of development of suburbanization processes in the Polish cities.Rozwój procesów suburbanizacji zachodzi łącznie z trwającymi w Polsce zmianami społecznymi i gospodarczymi, a migracje ludności są barometrem tych zmian. Opracowanie stanowi próbę określenia dynamiki rozwoju procesów suburbanizacji w polskich miastach w okresie transformacji ustrojowej. Analizie poddano dane statystyczne dotyczące ruchu migracyjnego ludności według gmin. Ramy czasowe badania wyznaczają lata 1995-2007. Obserwowany odpływ ludności miejskiej do strefy podmiejskiej najszybciej zaznaczył się w ośrodkach największych (liczących ponad 200 tys. mieszkańców) i zaczyna przejawiać się obecnie w miastach średniej wielkości. Przedstawione zmiany w zakresie migracji ludności dowodzą, iż podobne procesy nie są zjawiskiem nieznanym, lecz następstwem zmian gospodarczych i społecznych, jakie wystąpiły już dawno w krajach Europy Zachodniej

Europe's anthem and its meaning

The article presents research on the anthem of the Europe. The author investigates its origins, argues about other possible variants for the Europe’s anthem, and provides critical analysys of the meaning, functions and prospects of the Ode to Joy.У статті проводиться дослідження про гімн Європи. Автор розглядає історію виникнення гімну, його інші можливі варіанти та наводить критичний аналіз значення, функцій та перспектив існування Оди до Радості

Chlamydial plasmids and bacteriophages

Chlamydia are absolute pathogens of humans and animals; despite being rather well recognised, they are still open for discovery. One such discovery is the occurrence of extrachromosomal carriers of genetic information. In prokaryotes, such carriers include plasmids and bacteriophages, which are present only among some Chlamydia species. Plasmids were found exclusively in Chlamydia (C.) trachomatis, C. psittaci, C. pneumoniae, C. suis, C. felis, C. muridarum and C. caviae. In prokaryotic organisms, plasmids usually code for genes that facilitate survival of the bacteria in the environment (although they are not essential). In chlamydia, their role has not been definitely recognised, apart from the fact that they participate in the synthesis of glycogen and encode proteins responsible for their virulence. Furthermore, in C. suis it was evidenced that the plasmid is integrated in a genomic island and contains the tetracycline-resistance gene. Bacteriophages specific for chlamydia (chlamydiaphages) were detected only in six species: C. psittaci, C. abortus, C. felis, C. caviae C. pecorum and C. pneumoniae. These chlamydiaphages cause inhibition of the developmental cycle, and delay transformation of reticulate bodies (RBs) into elementary bodies (EBs), thus reducing the possibility of infecting other cells in time. Plasmids and bacteriophages can be used in the diagnostics of chlamydioses; although especially in the case of plasmids, they are already used for detection of chlamydial infections. In addition, bacteriophages could be used as therapeutic agents to replace antibiotics, potentially addressing the problem of increasing antibiotic-resistance among chlamydia

Intra-individual variation in postprandial lipemia

Prediction for future coronary artery disease (CAD) from high-density lipoprotein (HDL) and triglyceride (TG) measurements are based off of a single measurement that has been shown to be variable. To better determine risk for CAD based on blood lipids, studies in the postprandial state are warranted. To assess the reproducibility of TG clearance, 10 men underwent three trials of a 70g oral fat loading test with blood samples collected every two hours for eight hours. These trials were all scheduled at least one week apart. Men who had fasting TG concentrations > 250 mg - dL -' were excluded from the study. Each subject presented to the laboratory having abstained from exercise for 24 hours and alcohol 72 hours prior to the upcoming trial. Each subject was also provided with a standardized frozen dinner to eat the night before at a time which allowed the subject to be 12 hours fasted for the next days' trial. To specifically assess postprandial lipemia, TG concentrations were plotted against bi-hourly collection times to form a curve. The area under this curve was then calculated to determine PPL area. Itwas found that there was no significant difference in area under the TG curve (p = 0.25) for any of the three trials (1096 ± 168, 948 ± 105, and 995 ± 127 mg - dL -' - 8 • hr-' respectively for trials one, two, and three). Pearson correlations between trials were 0.79 for trials one and two, 0.82 for trials two and three, and 0.90 for trials one and three. Also, there was no significant difference in peak TG (p = 0.34) on each of the three trial days (167 ± 27, 150 ± 16, and 151 ± 19 mg • dL -1 in peak TG for trials one, two, and three respectively). Time taken to reach peak TG concentrations (p = 0.20) or time to return to baseline TG (p = 0.27) were not significantly different across three trial days. The men in this study reached peak TG concentrations in this study in 3.2 ± 0.5, 4.0 ± 0.4, 4.0 ± 0.3 hours respectively for trials one, two, and three. Time to return to baseline was 6.8 ± 0.6, 7.4 ± 0.4, 7.8 ± 0.4 hours for trials one through three respectively. Correlations between trials and the lack of a difference between trials using repeated measures ANOVA in regards to PPL area gives some preliminary evidence that some postprandial measures such as PPL area and can be reproduced across trials. However, the intra-individual variation was 19 ± 4% which provides no additional support for reproducibility of PPL. Additionally, results from this study, as well as all others pertaining to the study of reproducibility of PPL are specific to the protocol used and the method of interpretation.Thesis (M.S.)School of Physical Educatio